Table 3.
Hypotheses Testing Findings by Measure
| Authors (Date) | Measure | Discriminant | Convergent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aikens et al. (1999) [24] | BDI-II | BDI totals differed by group, F = 30.99, p < .001; controls less depressed than MS, p < .05, and MS less depressed than chronic pain patients, F = 12.9 p < .001. On the somatic subscale, MS scored higher than all other groups (ps < .001), except diabetes patients (ns) | BDI totals similar for MS and diabetes F = 3.84, p = ns |
| Moran and Mohr (2005) [39] | BDI | BDI total score reduced from 23.7 (SD = 6.9) to 10.5 (SD = 6.5) following treatment, t = 10.91, p < .001 | |
| Sullivan et al. (1995) [47] | BDI | Participants with major depression scored significantly higher on negative attitude towards self and performance components, F(2,41) = 3.98, p < .05, F(2,41) = 3.42, p < .05, but not on the somatic component, F(2,41) = 1.30, p = ns. | |
| Benedict et al. (2003) [36] | BDI-FS | Groups differed in scores between treated and untreated groups (anti-depressants), F = 13.26, p < .01, persisting after controlling for physical disability. Treatment effect size was largest for BDI-FS than other measures (d = 1.5). | |
| Strober and Arnett (2010) [41] | mBDI | PwMS (DEP, NON-DEP) endorsed fatigue (p < .001), work difficulty (p < .001), indecision (p < .01), irritability (p < .01), loss of libido (p < .05), loss of interest (p < .01), crying (p < .05), dissatisfaction (p < .05 and self-criticism (p < .05) on the BDI | BDI and depression proneness rating scale, r = .52, p < .01; BDI and CMDI, r = .76, p < .01 |
| Amtmann et al. (2014) [33] | PHQ-9; CESD-10; PROMIS-D-8 | PHQ-9 with CESD-10 (.85); PROMIS-D-8 (.73). CESD-10 with PROMIS-D-8 (.80). | Fatigue scores correlations: PHQ 9 = .73; CESD-10 = .71; PROMIS-D-8 = .55. Sleep disturbance: PHQ-9 = .57; CESD-10 = .56; PROMIS-D-8 = .39. Pain interference: PHQ-9 = .60; CESD-10 = .55; PROMIS-D-8 = .47. |
| Pandya et al. (2005) [43]a | CES-D | MS with a major depressive disorder diagnosis had CES-D score (36.5) than those who did not (26.0), Mann-Whitney = 12.1, df = 1, p < .001 | |
| Patten et al. (2005) [44] | CES-D | CES-D scores did not correlate as highly with physical QoL, as with mental QoL, Spearman's r = -.64. CES-D scores and the physical, Spearman's r = .61, or the cognitive, Spearman's r = .66, subscales of the fatigue impact scale. | CES-D scores correlated highly with mental QoL, Spearman's r = -.80. CES-D scores and the Fatigue Impact Scale social subscale, Spearman's r = .74. |
| Verdier-Taillefer et al. (2001) [48] | CES-D | PwMS endorsed more depressed affect and fatigue items than GP patients; MS and GP patients endorsed more depressive symptoms than healthy workers (ps < .05) | |
| Beeney and Arnett (2008) [35] | CMDI | Physical disability was correlated with vegetative subscale, r(94) = .36, p < .05; mood, r(94) = .16, p = ns, or evaluative, r(94) = .20, p = ns, subscales. | History of depression correlated with CMDI-Mood, r(94) = .38, p < .001; CMDI-Evaluative, r(94) = .31, p < .001; CMDI-Vegetative r(94) = .10, p = ns. Depression proneness correlated with mood, r(94) = .53, p < .001; evaluative, r(94) = .48, p < .001, subscales; vegetative subscale, r(94) = .15, p = ns. |
| Chang et al. (2003) [37] | CMDI | PwMS scored higher on all dimensions than controls (CMDI-Mood t = 6.10, p < .001, CMDI-Evaluative t = 6.61, p < .001, CMDI-Vegetative t = 8.04, p < .001). | |
| Nyenhuis et al (1995) [40] | MDI | PwMS endorsed more vegetative symptoms than mood and evaluative, than the depressed group, controlling for total BDI score F(2,322) = 5.7, p < .01; PwMS endorsed less mood items than the depressed group, t(161) = 2.5, p < .05, with no difference in evaluative, t(163) = 0.34, p > .10, or vegetative, t(163) = -0.58, p > .10 items. | BDI (30.5 %) estimated depression significantly greater than MDI-mood (17.7 %), p < .05; MDI-Vegetative (34.6 %) estimated significantly higher prevalence than MDI-Evaluative (22.2 %), p < .05, and MDI-Mood, p < .01; MDI-Mood estimated lower prevalence than MDI-Total (26.6 %), p < .05. |
| Solari et al. (2003) [49] | CMDI | Significant differences in all subscale scores, p < .001. Adjusted odds ratios for MS vs. healthy controls for depression was 2.72 (95%CI 1.14–6.50, p = .02) total scale; 2.79 (95 %CI 1.19–6.54, p = .02); mood scale, 2.00 (95%CI 0.88–4.56, p = .10); evaluative scale; 6.49 (95%CI 1.92–21.93, p = .001) vegetative scale. | |
| Nicholl et al. (2001) [31] | HADS-D | HADS-D correlated with both the GHQ-12 (r = .49, p < .01), and the GHQ-28 (r = .48). Kappa between HADS-D and BDI 0.12, p = .22. |
Note: studies that are not included in the table either did not assess construct validity or did not report it. aPaper talks about Mann-Whitney chi square – test does not exist. QoL = Quality of Life; GHQ = General Health Questionnaire