Table 7.
Study Characteristics
| Authors (Date), Country | Samples | Baseline Characteristics | MS Diagnosis (years) | Disability Status | Recruitment Method | Measures | Validity/ Reliability Tested |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aikens et al. (1999) [20], USA | MS=105, Depressed=34, Healthy=80, Diabetes=71, Chronic pain=80 | MS: M age=41.9(SD= 9.0), 63% female; Depressed: M age=39.3 (SD=14.6), 65% female; Healthy controls: M age M age=34.4 (SD=8.3), 50% female; Diabetes: M age=55.9 (SD=16.7), 56% female; Chronic pain: M age=45.0 (SD=13.9), 56% female | M = 11 years | Expanded Disability Status Scale = 0.0 - 7.5 (Median = 3.8) Moderate Disability | University Hospital | BDI-II | Construct validity; content validity; internal reliability (cronbach's alpha) |
| Amtmann et al. (2014) [21], USA | MS = 455 | M age=52.9 (SD=10.8); 83% female (N=377) and 17% male (N=78); | M = 14.5 (SD = 10) | Moderate level | University Hospital/ National Multiple Sclerosis Society charter | CESD–10, PHQ-9 PROMIS-D-8 | Evaluation of dimensionality; inter-item correlation; discriminant/convergent validity |
| Avasarala et al. (2003) [22], USA | MS=120 | Ages: 20–29 N=6, 30–39 N=25, 40–49 N=53, 50–59 N=32, 60–69 N=4; 71% female | NA | NA | University Hospital | YSQ | Criterion validity |
| Beeney and Arnett (2008) [23], USA | 3 year follow-up MS=52; cross-sectional analysis, MS=96. | N=52: M age=46.57 (SD=7.61); N=96: M age=47.41 (SD=8.98). | M (T1) =14.04 (SD = 9.37); M (T2) = 16.87 (SD = 9.24) | EDSS (T1) =4.55 (SD = 1.44) EDSS (T2) = 4.71 (SD = 1.61) |
University Hospital/ National Multiple Sclerosis Society charter | CMDI | Construct validity |
| Benedict et al. (2003) [24], USA | MS=54 | M age=42.8 (SD=9.7), 79% female | NA | EDSS median = 2.5 (R = 0.0 - 7.0) | University Hospital | BDI-FS | Criterion and construct validity |
| Chang et al. (2003) [25], USA | MS=433; plus 'standardisation sample' n=420 | MS: M age=45.0 (SD=10.0), 69.4% female; Standardisation sample described in Nyenhuis et al. (1998) [26]: M age=43.1 | NA | NA | University Hospital | CMDI | Content validity, internal reliability, construct validity |
| Honarmand and Feinstein (2009) [27], Canada | Study 1: MS=140; Study 2: MS=40, MD=21, Matched controls (no MD) = 19 | M age=44.6 (SD=10.3), 75% female | M = 8.8 (SD = 6.8) | EDSS = 4.0 (SD = 2.34) | Hospital | HADS | Criterion validity |
| Mohr et al. (1997) [28], USA | MS =184, DEP =72, controls (college students) = 555 | MS: M age=44.0, 68% female; DEP: M age=47.5, 51% female; Controls: M age=20.2, 55% | NA | NA | University Hospital | BDI | Face validity |
| Mohr et al. (2007) [29], USA | MS = 260 | M age=51 (SD=10.5), 73% female | M = 19 (SD = 10.5) | NA | University Hospital | Two-item measure | Criterion validity, construct validity |
| Moran and Mohr (2005) [30], USA | MS (with depression)=42 | Mage=43.0 (SD=10.3), 69% female | M = 6.6 (SD = 6.1) | NA | University Hospital/ referrals/ National Multiple Sclerosis Society Charter | BDI | Construct validity |
| Nicholl et al. (2001) [31], UK | MS=88 | M age=48.97 (SD=8.9), 75% female | M = 11.8 (SD = 7.5) | NA | Hospital/Rehabilitation ward | HADS | Criterion validity, construct validity |
| Nyenhuis et al. (1995) [32], USA | MS=84, DEP=101, controls (MS matched)=87 | MS: M age=49.3 (SD=11.1), 75% female; DEP: M age=50.5 (SD=10.7), 65% female; Controls: M age=49.6 (SD=11.6), 75% female | NA | EDSS = 4.74 (SD = 3.6) | Community based | BDI, MDI | Construct validity |
| Pandya et al. (2005) [33], Canada | MS=47 | M age=39.3 (range 18–56), 72.3% female | NA | EDSS = 3.0 | University hospital/referrals to Psychiatric care | CES-D | Criterion validity, construct validity |
| Patten et al. (2005) [34], Canada | MS=567 | M age=48 (Range 19–76), 75.7% female | NA | NA | University Hospital | CES-D | Construct validity |
| Patten et al. (2010) [35], Canada | year 0 N=1670 year 1; N=1336 year 2; N=648, year 3 N=186 | 15.9% aged 18–34, 29.5% aged 35–44, 33.6% aged 45–54, 21.0% aged 55+; 77.1% female | NA | EDSS (mode) = 4 (R = 4–8) | University Hospital | CES-D | Test-retest reliability |
| Sjonnesen et al. (2012) [36], Canada | MS=173, Controls (general population)=3304 | MS: M age=52.9 (95%CI 51.2–54.6), 74.6% female; Controls: M age=44.4 (95%CI 44.0–44.8), 67.7% female | M = 14.4 (95%CI = 13–15.8) | 27.1% (46/170) unable to work | Patient Registry/ Hospital | PHQ-9 | Content validity, construct validity, internal reliability |
| Solari et al. (2003) [37], Italy | MS=213, Healthy controls (matched to MS)=213, DEP=32 | MS: M age=38 (SD=9.2), 66% female; DEP: M age=51.8 (SD=14.15), 78% female; Healthy controls: M age=38.3 (SD=9.4), 55.9% female. | M = 9.1 (SD = 6.9) | EDSS = 2.9 (SD = 1.6) | University Hospital | CMDI | Internal reliability, test-retest reliability, content validity, construct validity, criterion validity |
| Strober and Arnett (2010) [38], USA | MS-DEP=17, MS-NON-DEP=67, healthy controls=22 | MS-DEP: M age=45.24 (SD=8.39), 82% female; MS-NON: M age=47.93 (SD=9.30), 84% female; Controls: M age=46.18 (SD=13.36), 82% female. |
M depressed - 10.59 (SD = 6.42) M MS-NON = 11.15 (SD = 8.66) |
EDSS depressed = 5.18 (SD = 1.5) EDSS MS- NON= 4.32 (SD = 1,54 |
National Multiple Sclerosis Society charter | mBDI | Construct validity |
| Sullivan et al. (1995) [39], Canada | MS=46 | M age=34.4, 78% female | NA | NA | Hospital/ referrals | BDI | Criterion validity, construct validity |
| Vahter et al. (2007) [40], Estonia (from Manoj and Sivan, 2007 [31]) | MS=134 | M age=43.8 (SD=12.4), 73.9% female | M = 9.9 (SD = 8.5) | EDSS = 5.8 (SD = 2.5) | Hospital | One-item measure | Criterion validity |
| Verdier-Taillefer et al. (2001) [41], France | MS=857, GP patients=1598, healthy workers=403 | MS: M age=47.0 (SD=7.2), 63.2% female; GP patients: M age=44.6 (SD=8.8), 59.1% female; Healthy workers: M age=42.9 (SD=6.3), 55.3% female | NA | NA | CES-D | Content validity, internal reliability, construct validity |
Note: MS Multiple Sclerosis, MD Major Depression, DEP Depressed, NA Not Available