Table 1.

Receptor for advanced glycation end products main ligands and their functions.

Ligand	Ligand family	Ligand-binding region	Function	Related disease
Advanced glycation end products	AGEs	V-type	Advanced glycation endproducts are present in high levels in diabetes	Diabetes
HMGB1	HMGB1	V-type	Involved in cell stress mechanisms. It also induces cellular migration	Tumor outgrowth
S100b	S100 calgranulins	V-type	Calcium-binding protein that is related to Alzheimer's disease	Alzheimer's disease
S100A6	S100 calgranulins	C2-type	Calcium-binding protein that binds to a different domain	Alzheimer's disease
Aβ	Aβ	Aβ/oligomer – V-type Aggregate – C1 type	Oligomer species appears more pathogenic. Aβ transport at the blood–brain barrier, cerebral blood flow reduction and neuroinflammation	Alzheimer's disease
Mac-1	β2-integrin	VC1 subunit	Involved with leukocyte recruitment relevant in inflammatory disorders	Diabetes
Transthyretin	Transthyretin	VC1 subunit	Associated with extracellular amyloid deposits that lead to degeneration of neurons in the peripheral nerve	Alzheimer's disease
LPS	LPS	VC1 subunit	A bioactive component of bacterial cell walls, it can bind with RAGE to regulate inflammatory responses	LPS-induced septic shock
Phosphatidylserine	Phospholipid	Bind on soluble RAGE	Assists in the clearance of apoptotic cells	Diabetes and atherosclerosis

Aβ: Amyloid-β; LPS: Lipopolysaccaride; RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation end products.