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. 2016 Jul 29;11:3571–3583. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S110406

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© 2016 Liu et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Production of cytokines in the serum of BALB/c mice.

Notes: (A) IL-4, (B) IL-12, (C) IFN-γ, (D) TNF-α, and (E) IL-17 at the indicated time points after first immunization were measured by ELISA. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs the PS-Ag group, while ^#P<0.05 vs Cub-Ag group.

Abbreviations: Ag, antigen; Cub-Ag, mixture of cubosomes and Ag; Cub-PS-Ag, mixture of cubosome-polysaccharide nanoparticles and Ag; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PS-Ag, mixture of PS and Ag; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; SEM, standard error of the mean.