Fig. 4.

Representation of the first two axes of the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) structuring results of the 1228 individuals. DAPC was made using the first three discriminant functions. The first two axes explain, respectively, 11.2% and 6.6% of the variance. (A) Display of the 16 genetic groups. Each group has a different color; filled circles represent correctly assigned individuals (membership probability ≥0.8), empty circles represent admixed individuals (membership probability <0.8). The ellipses represent the variance of the co-ordinates of the individuals for each group. (B) Geographical and temporal view of the DAPC analysis results. Black filled circles are cultivars created during each period; red filled circles are botanical roses; orange filled circles are Asian roses (botanical and cultivated) and empty circles are roses from other parts of the world or other periods. n, number of individuals. (C) Distribution of the French bred roses in the DAPC analysis according to the breeder’s region (black filled circles are cultivars created in each part of France; small circles are cultivars created in other parts of France) with the distribution of the breeding years of roses bred in this region given in the top right-hand corner. n, number of individuals. (D) Distribution of ploidy in the genetic groups obtained via DAPC. Individuals with measured ploidy levels and ploidy level found in the literature are presented