A schematic model for the roles of AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 in protein transport into the vacuole. Three distinct mechanisms have been revealed. AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 control: (i) the binding of VSR to its cargoes; (ii) the recycling of VSRs; and (iii) subcellular localization of the SNARE complex. TGN, trans-Golgi network; PVC, prevacuolear compartment; MVB, multivesicular body; PSV, protein storage vacuole; VSR, vacuolar sorting receptor.