Table 2.

Significant effects of treatments on LPS‐induced TNF‐α protein secretion

Treatment	Average change in TNF‐α protein from VC (% ± SD)
	0.1 μM	1 μM	10 μM
C3G	↓ 9.5 ± 2.4	↓ 13.7 ± 4.4*	↓ 12.2 ± 1.2
P3G	↓ 12.7 ± 4.2*	↓ 19.8 ± 3.1***	↓ 13.4 ± 6.5*
IVA	↓ 12.8 ± 3.3	↓ 27.0 ± 3.5*	↓ 20.2 ± 5.7
BA‐sulfate	↓ 24.9 ± 32.5	↓ 37.2 ± 40.1*	↓ 27.3 ± 38.5
PCA‐3‐sulfate	↓ 24.6 ± 33.8	↓ 41.1 ± 42.0*	↓ 38.6 ± 43.0*
IVA‐glucuronide	↓ 16.8 ± 15.1*	↓ 32.8 ± 9.8***	↓ 33.3 ± 11.8***
VA‐glucuronide	↓ 12.5 ± 15.7	↓ 26.9 ± 19.4*	↓ 26.8 ± 4.9*
Combination 9	↓ 26.3 ± 6.4*	↓ 33.1 ± 6.1**	↓ 42.7 ± 13.5***
Combination 10	↓ 17.9 ± 9.8	↓ 47.4 ± 12.3**	↓ 35.1 ± 5.1**
Combination 13	↓ 10.3 ± 29.0	↓ 26.2 ± 37.6	↓ 32.0 ± 35.4*
Combination 16	↓ 1.1 ± 19.0	↓ 6.5 ± 21.1*	↓ 4.4 ± 13.4*

Treatments (see Table 1 for details) were added to THP‐1 cells at final concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 μM for 30 min prior to stimulation with 100 pg/mL LPS for 3 h. LPS‐induced TNF‐α protein secretion was quantified by ELISA. Data shown are averages of three independent experiments, each carried out in technical duplicate. Analysis was performed by one‐way ANOVA and post‐hoc LSD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.