Table 2.
Associations of maternal macronutrient intake at 26-28 wk of gestation and neonatal abdominal adiposity in the GUSTO study (n= 320)1-3
| Superficial subcutaneous fat (mL) |
Deep subcutaneous fat (mL) |
Internal fat (mL) |
Total abdominal fat (mL) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Substitution models (isocaloric) | ||||||||
| Substitute protein for carbohydrate | -0.23 (-0.78, 0.33) | -0.38 (-0.87, 0.12) | 0.01 (-0.14, 0.15) | -0.02 (-0.16, 0.11) | -0.10 (-0.29, 0.08) | -0.18 (-0.35, -0.001)* | -0.32 (-1.14, 0.50) | -0.57 (-1.31, 0.16) |
| Substitute protein for fat | -0.33 (-0.99, 0.34) | -0.52 (-1.11, 0.08) | -0.01 (-0.19, 0.16) | -0.07 (-0.23, 0.10) | -0.17 (-0.39, 0.06) | -0.25 (-0.46, -0.04)* | -0.51 (-1.48, 0.47) | -0.83 (-1.71, 0.05) |
| Substitute fat for carbohydrate | 0.10 (-0.23, 0.43) | 0.14 (-0.16, 0.44) | 0.02 (-0.07, 0.11) | 0.04 (-0.04, 0.13) | 0.06 (-0.05, 0.17) | 0.07 (-0.03, 0.18) | 0.18 (-0.30, 0.67) | 0.25 (-0.19, 0.69) |
| Addition models (non-isocaloric) | ||||||||
| Addition of protein | -0.05 (-0.17, 0.06) | -0.10 (-0.20, 0.01) | 0.004 (-0.03, 0.03) | -0.01 (-0.03, 0.02) | -0.01 (-0.05, 0.02) | -0.04 (-0.07, 0.001) | -0.07 (-0.23, 0.10) | -0.14 (-0.29, 0.01) |
| Addition of fat | 0.07 (-0.05, 0.18) | 0.09 (-0.01, 0.19) | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.04) | 0.02 (-0.01, 0.05) | 0.03 (-0.01, 0.07) | 0.03 (-0.002, 0.07) | 0.11 (-0.06, 0.27) | 0.14 (-0.01, 0.29) |
| Addition of carbohydrate | 0.002 (-0.04, 0.04) | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.05) | -0.003 (-0.01, 0.01) | -0.002 (-0.01, 0.01) | 0.004 (-0.01, 0.02) | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.02) | 0.002 (-0.05, 0.06) | 0.02 (-0.03, 0.07) |
*
P< 0.05
1
Values are β (95% CI) derived from multiple linear regressions and expressed for per 1% energy substitution of a macronutrient for another macronutrient in the substitution model and per 1 g increase in absolute macronutrient intake in the addition model.
2
Model 1 was adjusted for age at MRI measurement.
3
Model 2 was further adjusted for ethnicity, maternal age, height, pre-pregnancy BMI, pregnancy weight gain until 26-28 weeks gestation, education status, gestational diabetes mellitus, infant gender, gestational age, and birth order.