Table 2.
Patient characteristics
| Characteristic | Patients | Median or Mean With IQR or 95%CI |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age (yr) | 320/320 | 47.6 (5.4–89.8) |
| Male | 221/320 | 69.1% (63.1–74.1) |
| Mechanism of injury | ||
| Fall | 69/320 | 21.6% (17.2–26.5) |
| Fall from height | 23/320 | 7.2% (4.6–10.6) |
| Motor vehicle accident | 136/320 | 43.5% (37.0–48.1) |
| Pedestrian struck | 21/320 | 6.6% (4.1–10.0) |
| Bike | 13/320 | 4.1% (2.2–6.8) |
| Gunshot wound | 6/320 | 1.9% (0.7–4.0) |
| Direct blow | 43/320 | 13.4% (9.9–17.7) |
| Unknown mechanism | 9/320 | 2.8% (1.3–5.3) |
| Medication | ||
| Aspirin | 13/320 | 4.1% (21.8–68.5) |
| Clopidogrel | 4/320 | 1.3% (0.3–3.2) |
| Warfarin | 8/320 | 2.5% (10.9–48.7) |
| Any anticoagulant | 25/320 | 7.8% (5.1–11.3) |
| Injury severity | ||
| GCS | 317/320 | 14 (10–15) |
| Mild TBI: GCS 13–15 | 218/317 | 68.8% (63.6–73.9) |
| Moderate TBI: GCS 9–12 | 26/317 | 8.2% (5.2–11.2) |
| Severe TBI: GCS < 8 | 72/317 | 22.7% (18.1–27.4) |
| Isolated head injury | 231/320 | 72.2% (67.3–77.1) |
| Loss of consciousness reported | 104/320 | 32.5% (27.3–37.7) |
| Injury severity score | 320/320 | 17 (13–25) |
| Marshall Score† | 320/320 | 2 (2–2) |
| Cranial CT scan injuries | ||
| Depressed skull fracture | 2/320 | 0.6% (0–2.2) |
| Nondepressed skull fracture | 20/320 | 6.3% (3.6–8.9) |
| Intraparenchymal hemorrhage | 182/320 | 56.9% (51.4–62.3) |
| Subdural hemorrhage | 106/320 | 33.1% (28.0–38.3) |
| Epidural hemorrhage | 14/320 | 4.4% (2.1–6.6) |
| Herniation | 18/320 | 5.6% (3.1–8.2) |
| Diffuse axonal injury | 9/320 | 2.8% (1.0–4.6) |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 146/320 | 45.6% (40.1–51.1) |
| Interventricular hemorrhage | 31/320 | 9.7% (6.4–12.9) |
| Presence of cerebral shift | 31/320 | 9.7% (6.4–12.9) |
| Presence of cerebral mass effect | 37/320 | 11.6% (8.0–15.1) |
†
CT Class 1, no lesions present; CT Class 2, lesions and/or midline shift ≤ 5 mm, cisterns present; no high- or mixed-density lesions > 25 mm; CT Class 3 (swelling), midline shift ≤ 5mm, cisterns compressed or absent, no high- or mixed-density lesions > 25 mm; CT Class 4 (shift), midline shift > 5 mm, no high- or mixed-density lesions >25 mm; CT Class 5, any surgically evacuated mass; CT Class 6, high- or mixed-density lesions >25 ml.
GCS: Glascow Coma Score; TBI: traumatic brain injury; CT: computed tomography; IQR: Interquartile range; CI: confidence interval