Table 1.
Patient demographic data, neurocognitive scores, fractional brain volume, and cortical and WM perfusion.
| Variable | HC (n = 19) | NI (n = 19) | CI (n = 20) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 49.0 ± 7.1 | 46.4 ± 7.2 | 48.1 ± 4.7 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 14 (73.68) | 15 (78.95) | 12 (60) |
| Education (years) | 16.9 ± 2.9‡ | 16.1 ± 1.3 | 14.6 ± 1.9‡ |
| Disease duration (years) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 11.8 ± 5.4 | 11.6 ± 4.9 |
| HADS-A (log) median (IQR) | 3 (1, 6)‡◊ | 6 (5, 7);◊ | 8 (7, 10)‡ |
| HADS-D (log) median (IQR) | 2 (1, 3)‡ | 3 (1, 5)* | 8 (6, 10)‡* |
| EDSS | NA | 1.5 (1, 2)* | 2.5 (2, 3)* |
| Z-score cog test | |||
| COWAT_FAS | −0.67 ± 0.83 | −0.26 ± 1.06* | −1.16 ± 0.89* |
| COWAT_Animals | −0.13 ± 1.14 | 0.41 ± 0.95* | −0.59 ± 1.18* |
| BVMT-R_IR | 0.37 ± 1.15‡ | −0.07 ± 1.04* | −1.68 ± 1.34‡* |
| BVMT-R_DR | 0.40 ± 1.14‡ | 0.42 ± 0.77* | −1.62 ± 1.48‡* |
| PASAT-2 | −0.21 ± 0.88‡ | −0.26 ± 0.66* | −1.80 ± 0.57‡* |
| JLO | 0.98 ± 0.19‡ | 0.83 ± 0.59 | 0.40 ± 0.67‡ |
| SDMT | −0.14 ± 0.92‡ | 0.02 ± 0.75* | −1.80 ± 1.17‡* |
| CVLT-II_IR | −0.25 ± 1.05‡ | −0.23 ± 1.04* | −1.94 ± 1.36‡* |
| CVLT-II_DR | −0.11 ± 0.66‡ | 0.21 ± 0.92* | −2.20 ± 1.61‡* |
| DKEFS | 0.51 ± 0.73‡ | 0.26 ± 0.61 | −0.20 ± 1.25‡ |
| Percent fractional brain volume | |||
| BPF | 00.79 ± 0.09‡ | 00.75 ± 0.06 | 00.72 ± 0.08‡ |
| fC | 45.15 ± 5.12 | 43.43 ± 3.91 | 41.87 ± 5.50 |
| fWM | 31.66 ± 4.07‡ | 29.61 ± 2.83 | 28.35 ± 3.51‡ |
| fCL | 00.00 ± 0.00‡ | 00.01 ± 0.01 | 00.01 ± 0.02‡ |
| fBG | 01.35 ± 0.19 | 01.31 ± 0.18 | 01.25 ± 0.22 |
| fTh | 00.68 ± 0.12‡ | 00.64 ± 0.14 | 00.55 ± 0.14‡ |
| fT2h | 00.00 ± 0.00‡◊ | 00.67 ± 0.74◊ | 00.92 ± 0.90‡ |
| fT1bh | 00.00 ± 0.00‡ | 00.23 ± 0.22 | 00.41 ± 0.51‡ |
| fCSF | 21.16 ± 8.78‡ | 24.10 ± 6.24 | 26.64 ± 7.32‡ |
| Perfusion | |||
| Cortical CBV | 02.78 ± 01.49‡ | 02.77 ± 01.14* | 02.29 ± 00.88‡* |
| Cortical CBF | 45.54 ± 16.90‡ | 44.80 ± 20.05* | 35.70 ± 15.40‡* |
| WM CBV | 01.66 ± 00.54‡ | 01.70 ± 00.64* | 01.42 ± 00.49‡* |
| WM CBF | 23.22 ± 06.87‡ | 24.05 ± 10.60* | 19.51 ± 07.89‡* |
| Cortical MTT | 03.80 ± 00.86‡◊ | 03.90 ± 00.83*◊ | 04.06 ± 00.86‡* |
| WM MTT | 04.53 ± 00.77‡◊ | 04.63 ± 00.79*◊ | 04.75 ± 00.87‡* |
HC: healthy controls; NI: non-impaired relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; CI: cognitively impaired relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Anxiety; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Depression; IQR: interquartile range; EDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale; NA: not applicable; COWAT: Controlled Oral Work Association Test; BVMT-R: Brief Visuospatial Test–revised; PASAT: Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; JLO: Judgment of Line Orientation Test; SDMT: Symbol Digit Modalities Test; CVLT-II: California Verbal Learning Test-II; IR: immediate recall; DR: delayed recall; DKEFS: Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System; BPF: brain parenchymal fraction; WM: white matter; CBF: cerebral blood flow; CBV: cerebral blood volume; MTT: mean transit time; fC: fractional cortical volume; fWM: fractional white matter; fCL: fractional cortical lesions; fBG: fractional basal ganglia; fTh: fractional thalamus; fT2h: fractional T2-hyperintensities; fT1bh: fractional T1 black holes; fCSF: fractional cerebrospinal fluid.
All values are mean ± SD unless specified.
Significance p < 0.05 (HC vs NI◊, HC vs CI‡, and NI vs CI*).