Table 5. OR and 95% CI of multilevel regression analysis of SHS exposure in a public place.
| Categorical variables | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Individual variables | ||||
| Social and demographic factors | ||||
| Age | ||||
| Younger (19-39 yr) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Middle-aged (40-59 yr) | 0.977† | 0.971-0.983 | 0.975† | 0.970-0.979 |
| Older (60 yr and older) | 0.955† | 0.948-0.963 | 0.934† | 0.927-0.941 |
| Education | ||||
| ≤ Elementary school | Ref | Ref | ||
| Middle school | 1.009 | 0.997-1.02 | 1.057† | 1.049-1.064 |
| High school | 1.011* | 1.001-1.022 | 1.068† | 1.061-1.075 |
| College or higher | 1.025† | 1.015-1.036 | 1.080† | 1.073-1.088 |
| Household income yearly | ||||
| 1st quartile (lowest) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2nd quartile | 1.034† | 1.025-1.042 | 1.007† | 1.001-1.013 |
| 3rd quartile | 1.034† | 1.025-1.043 | 1.005 | 0.999-1.011 |
| 4th quartile (highest) | 1.031† | 1.022-1.041 | 0.998 | 0.992-1.004 |
| Location of residence | ||||
| Rural area | Ref | Ref | ||
| Urban area | 1.036* | 1.000-1.075 | 1.042* | 1.002-1.085 |
| Health-related factors | ||||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoker | Ref | Ref | ||
| Ex-smoker | 1.024† | 1.018-1.029 | 0.997 | 0.987-1.008 |
| Drinking | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.068† | 1.061-1.075 | 1.051† | 1.047-1.055 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.008† | 1.002-1.013 | 1.009† | 1.004-1.014 |
| Regional-level variables | ||||
| Health behavior factors | ||||
| Prevalence of active smoking | 1.012 | 0.992-1.012 | 1.002 | 0.991-1.013 |
| Heavy drinking rate | 1.024† | 1.003-1.023 | 1.014* | 1.003-1.025 |
| Cancer screening rate | 1.022 | 0.999-1.018 | 1.012* | 1.002-1.023 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Normalized household income | ||||
| 1st quartile (lowest) | Ref | |||
| 2nd quartile | 1.044 | 0.964-1.037 | 1.007 | 0.968-1.048 |
| 3rd quartile | 1.11 | 0.995-1.098 | 1.054 | 0.998-1.113 |
| 4th quartile (highest) | 1.129 | 0.980-1.100 | 1.059 | 0.993-1.129 |
| High school graduation rates | 1.028 | 0.983-1.024 | 1.007 | 0.985-1.031 |
| Unemployment rate | 1.007 | 0.991-1.01 | 0.996 | 0.985-1.007 |
| Proportion of family with single parents or grandparents only | 1.042 | 0.999-1.029 | 1.022† | 1.004-1.039 |
| Health policy | ||||
| Proportion of health budget | 1.004 | 0.994-1.015 | 1.006 | 0.994-1.018 |
| Financial autonomy | 0.999 | 0.988-1.010 | 0.997 | 0.984-1.009 |
| Year of smoke-free ordinance implementation | ||||
| No implementation | Ref | Ref | ||
| In 2013 | 1.006 | 0.977-1.036 | 0.999 | 0.967-1.032 |
| In 2012 | 1.015 | 0.984-1.047 | 1.018 | 0.984-1.054 |
| Before or in 2011 | 0.998 | 0.963-1.035 | 0.995 | 0.946-1.035 |
| Region variance (SE) | 0.302 (0.031) | 0.314 (0.030) | ||
OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; SHS, secondhand smoke; SE: standard error.
* P value less than 0.05; † P value less than 0.01.