Table 7.
Recombinant influenza A viruses expressing reporter genes from the NS viral segment.
| Gene | Virus Backbone (1) | Transgene (2) | Insertion Mechanism (3) | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NS | PR8 | GFP | Caspase recognition site | Virus biology | [90] |
| NS | PR8 | GFP | Stop/start | Vaccine | [100] |
| NS | PR8 | maxGFP | 2A site | Virus pathogenesis | [71,101,102,103,104] |
| NS | PR8 | maxGFP, turboRFP, Gluc | 2A site | Antiviral and virus-host interaction | [48] |
| NS | PR8 pH1N1 | mCherry | 2A site | Antivirals, neutralizing antibodies, virus pathogenesis | [41] |
| NS | pH1N1 | Timer | 2A site | Virus propagation | [68] |
| NS | PR8 VN1203 | Venus, eGFP, eCFP, mCherry | 2A site | Virus-host interaction and virus pathogenesis | [38] |
| NS | PR8 WSN | GFP | 2× 2A site | Virus pathogenesis | [105,106] |
(1) PR8: A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1); pH1N1: A/California/04/2009 (H1N1); VN1203: A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1); (2) GFP: Green fluorescent protein; maxGFP: advanced version of eGFP; Gluc: Gaussia luciferase; mCherry: monomeric Cherry fluorescent protein; Timer: modified Discosoma red fluorescent protein; Venus: advanced version of yellow fluorescent protein; eGFP: Enhanced GFP; eCFP: Enhanced cyan fluorescent protein; (3) Caspase recognition site: The reporter gene was fused to NS1 protein separated by a peptide sequence containing a caspase recognition site; Stop/Start: The stop-start pentanucleotide (UAAUG) from BM2 of influenza B virus was inserted between NS1 and the reporter gene; 2A site: The reporter gene was separated from the viral ORF via a 2A peptide sequence.