Table 3.
Virus families that modulate PBs.
| Genome | Virus Family | Virus | PB Induction | PB Blockade | Mechanism | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | dsDNA | Adenoviridae | Adenovirus | No | Yes | Decreased PB by redistribution of E4 11K | [237] |
| Papillomaviridae | Human papilloma virus (HPV) | Yes * | No | Re-colocalization of PKR in PBs | [46] | ||
| Herpesviridae | Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) | Yes | No | Increased of Dcp1a, EDC4, Rck/p54/DDX6 and Rap55 protein levels | [238] | ||
| III | dsRNA | Reoviridae | Rotavirus | No | Yes | Decrease of XRN1, DCP1 and Pan3, but not GW182 protein levels | [239] |
| IV | (+)ssRNA | Flaviviridae | West Nile virus (WNV) | No | Yes | Captures of Lsm1, GW182, DDX6, DDX3 and Xrn1 to viral replication factories (RF) | [168,240] |
| Dengue virus (DENV) | No | Yes | Captures of Lsm1, GW182, DDX6, DDX3 and Xrn1 to viral replication factories (RF) | [168,240] | |||
| Yellow fever virus (YFV) | Yes * | No | sfRNA stalls Xrn1 and co-localizes at PB | [241] | |||
| Kunjin virus (KUNV), Australian strain of DENV | Yes * | No | sfRNA stalls Xrn1 and co-localizes at PB | [242] | |||
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | Yes * | Yes | DDX6, Lsm1, Xrn1, PATL1 and Ago2 localize to lipid droplets | [181] | |||
| Dcp2 not localize to viral factories | [181] | ||||||
| Picornaviridae | Poliovirus (PV) | No | Yes | Cleavage of Xrn1, Dcp1a and Pan3 | [248] | ||
| Protease 2A blocks PB formation | [149] | ||||||
| Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) | No | Yes | Cleavage of Xrn1, Dcp1a and Pan3 | [248] | |||
| Dicistroviridae | Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) | Yes | Yes | Disrupts only GW182/Dcp1 aggregate, but not Ago1/Ago2 | [183] | ||
| Togaviridae | Sindbis virus (SINV) | No | Yes | HuR-translocation out of the nucleus | [249] | ||
| V | (-)ssRNA | Orthomyxoviridae | Influenza virus A (IAV) | No | Yes | Interaction of RAP55 and NSP1 | [190] |
| Bunyaviridae | Hanta virus | Yes * | No | Cap snatching occurs in PBs | [204] | ||
| VI | ssRNA-RT | Retroviridae | Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) | nd | Yes | HIV-1 mRNA interacts with DDX6, Ago 2 and APOBE3G and displaces from the PB | [253] |
| Relocalization of PB during the HIV-1 infection | [228] | ||||||
| Assembly intermediates (AIs) recruits DDX6 and ABCE1 | [256] | ||||||
| Overexpression of MOV10 inhibits HIV-1 replication | [258] |
*maintains PB endogenously; nd = not determined; dsDNA = double-stranded DNA; dsRNA = double-stranded RNA; UPR = unfolded protein response; (+)ssRNA = positive-sense single strand RNA; (-)ssRNA = negative-sense single stand RNA; ssRNA-RT = single strand RNA retroviruses.