Table 1.
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded proteins and their role in KSHV-mediated angiogenesis.
| KSHV Gene | KSHV Protein | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| LANA | Latency Associated Nuclear Antigen | Apart from KSHV genome persistence, it inhibits p53, pRB and extends the lifespan of latently infected cells | [125,126,127,128,129] |
| vCYC | Homologue of cellular cyclin D | Primarily regulates cell cycle and promotes oncogene-induced senescence | [130,131,132,133,134] |
| vFLIP | Homologue of FLICE inhibitory protein | Regulates activation of NF-κB and apoptosis. Additionally may contribute to PEL survival and spindle cell formation | [53,135,136,137,138] |
| miRNA | Micro RNAs | Contributes to B cell expansion and transformation of rat mesenchymal precursor cells. Downregulates TGFβ signaling and MAF transcription factor. Contributes to cell proliferation and angiogenesis | [139,140,141,142,143] |
| K15 | Viral membrane protein | Induce cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Activates cellular signaling pathways to induces various pro-survival and paracrine-mediated pro-angiogenic cellular cytokines and chemokines, including IL6, IL8, CXCL3, and Cox2 | [144,145,146,147,148] |
| Kaposin B | Kaposin | Regulates cell signaling and reprogramming of vascular endothelial cells | [149,150,151,152] |
| K1 | Variable ITAM-Containing Protein (VIP) | Activates cellular signaling pathways and induces angiogenesis | [60,113,146,153,154,155] |
| K5 | Modulator of immune recognition (MIR2) | Viral E3 ligases capable of ubiquitinating MHC-I, ICAM-1, B7-2, Tetherin (CD317/BST2) | [156,157,158,159] |
| vIL6 | Viral Interleukin-6 | Homologues of cellular IL-6. Activate JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt signaling to induce VEGF pathways to regulate B-cell proliferation | [55,160,161,162,163] |
| vGPCR | Viral G-protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) | Homologue of cellular IL-8 receptor. vGPCR activates cellular signaling and induce secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and angiogenic growth factors contributing to angioproliferative tumors | [107,112,164,165,166,167] |
| vIRF3 | Viral interferon regulatory factor-3 | Homologues of cellular interferon: Inhibitor of IFN1, p53, NFκB RelA, and p300. Activates HIF-1α and VEGF | [73,168,169,170,171] |
| vCCL | Viral CC-Chemokine Ligands (vCCLs) | Homologues of cellular chemokines: viral CC-chemokine ligand 1 (vCCL1, (vMIP1), vCCL2 (vMIP2), and vCCL3 (vMIP3), respectively. Modulates signaling through chemokine receptors to promote cell proliferation and angiogenesis | [56,57,172,173] |
| Glycoprotein B | Glycoprotein | Activates VEGF secretion | [17,74] |
| K8.1 | Glycoprotein | Activates VEGF secretion | [65,74] |