Table 1.
List of molecules responsible for formation of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer
| Symbol | Full name | Location | Biological functions | Oncological functions | Interacting molecules, pathways | Ref. |
| Penetration of the gastric wall | ||||||
| CDH1 | Cadherin 1, E-cadherin | 16q22.1 | Cell-cell adhesion | Proliferation, invasion, migration | Wnt, Rho GTPases, NF-κB pathways, EMT | [22] |
| ANXA1 | Annexin 1 | 9q21.13 | Calcium and membrane-binding protein | Proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis | MAPK/ERK pathway | [30] |
| NRAGE | Neurotrophin receptor-interacting melanoma antigen-encoding gene homolog | Xp11.23 | Normal developmental apoptosis of sympathetic, sensory and motor neurons | Proliferation, apoptosis | AATF, p75NTR, PCNA | [37] |
| Survival and proliferation in the abdominal cavity | ||||||
| HIF1A | Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α subunit | 14q23.2 | Regulator of cellular and systemic homeostatic response to hypoxia | Energy metabolism, angiogenesis, apoptosis | Reactive oxygen species, NF-κB pathway | [20] |
| PTEN | Phosphatase and tensin homolog | 10 q23 | Dephosphorylating phosphoinositide substrates | Growth, migration | PI3K/NF-κB pathway, FAK | [48] |
| CXCR4 | C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 | 2q21 | Chemokine receptor | Invasion, metastasis | PI3K/AKT/NF-κB, mTOR pathways | [52,55] |
| CXCL12 | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 | 10q11.1 | Ligand for the G-protein-coupled receptor and CXCR4 | Metastasis, angiogenesis | ||
| AREG | Amphiregulin | 4q13.3 | Epidermal growth factor, mammary gland, oocyte and bone tissue development | Proliferation, migration | EGF, TGF-α, CXCL12/CXCR4 axis | [60] |
| HBEGF | Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor | 5q23 | Ligand for EGFR | |||
| Adhesion and invasion to the mesothelium | ||||||
| ITGA3 | Integrin subunit a 3 | 17q21.33 | Cell surface adhesion | Metastasis, adhesion | Laminin | [69] |
| MMP7 | Matrix metalloproteinase 7 | 11q22.2 | Extracellular matrix degradation | Proliferation, invasion | E-cadherin, TGF-β, EMT | [75] |
| CTGF | Connective tissue growth factor | 6q23.1 | Chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, cell adhesion | Growth, migration, adhesion | Integrin a3b1, PDGF | [79] |
| MELK | Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase | 9p13.2 | Cell cycle-dependent protein kinase | Apoptosis, chemoresistance | RhoA, FAK, Bcl-GL | [84] |
| Growth and angiogenesis | ||||||
| VEGFA | Vascular endothelial growth factor A | 6p21.1 | Proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells | Angiogenesis | FAK, PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK pathways | [87] |
| IRX1 | Iroquois homeobox 1 | 5p15.33 | Pattern formation in the embryo | Metastasis, angiogenesis | VEGFA | [90] |