Table 1.
Novel molecular biomarkers
| Biomarker | Incidence | Prognostic value | Predictive value | Ref |
| K-RAS mutations | 40% | Controversial | Predictor of resistance | [20-22,24] |
| K-RAS G13D mutation | 15%-20% | Controversial | Faint resistance | [21] |
| N-RAS mutations | 3%-5% | Controversial | Predictor of resistance | [9,27,28] |
| PI3KCA mutations | 10%-20% | Controversial | Controversial | [29-31] |
| TP53 | 15%-50% | - | Controversial | [34] |
| PTEN expression | 20%-40% | Controversial | Controversial | [18,29,36] |
| S492R mutation | 16% | - | Controversial | [39] |
| KRAS mutant clones | 0.4%-17% | - | Controversial | [40] |
| MET amplification | 1% | - | Controversial | [41] |
| HER2 amplification | 3%-6% | Controversial | - | [42,43] |
| Epiregulin and amphiregulin | - | Controversial | - | [44,45] |
| B-RAF mutations | 4%-15% | Poor prognosis | Controversial | [7,46-51] |
| miRNAs high level | - | Controversial | - | [52,53] |
| Cetuximab basal ADCC activity | - | Controversial | - | [62] |
ADCC: Antibody-dependent cell-mediated.