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. 2016 Aug 5;6:31105. doi: 10.1038/srep31105

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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(A) Schematic outline of the general structure of microbial and viral A/B toxins carrying a C-terminal KDEL-like motif and potential ER targeting signal. (B) Host cell intoxication of yeast killer toxin K28 via receptor-mediated endocytosis, retrograde trafficking through the secretory pathway, and final killing in the nucleus (R1, cell wall receptor utilized by K28; R2, plasma membrane receptor for K28 uptake); adapted and extended from refs ¹⁵ and ⁵.