Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical parameters of smokers stratified by the number of sticks smoked per day
| Parameters | Non-smokers (N = 45) | Mild (N = 30) | Moderate (N = 30) | Heavy (N = 35) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 35.0 ± 5.4 | 35.0 ± 7.4 | 37.3 ± 7.4 | 37.6 ± 9.3 | 0.847 |
| Volume (ml) | 3.37 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.7a | 2.2 ± 0.4b | 2.6 ± 0.3c | 0.028* |
| pH | 7.70 ± 0.2 | 7.70 ± 0.3 | 7.60 ± 0.8 | 6.80 ± 1.5 | 0.736 |
| Immobile (%) | 7.64 ± 2.3 | 35.1 ± 9.8a | 36.2 ± 8.7b | 34.5 ± 10.1c | 0.012* |
| Active (%) | 53.76 ± 12.4 | 48.3 ± 11.7 | 41.4 ± 13.7b | 24.9 ± 9.5c, d | 0.034* |
| Sluggish (%) | 10.36 ± 4.5 | 16.6 ± 6.7a | 16.0 ± 5.5b | 19.6 ± 7.6c | 0.043* |
| Viability (%) | 65.0 ± 14.8 | 65.1 ± 13.1 | 60.3 ± 15.7 | 46.8 ± 17.2c, d | 0.284 |
| Morphology (%) | 48.40 ± 12.1 | 43.8 ± 9.5 | 38.8 ± 10.2b | 26.1 ± 10.4c, d | 0.038* |
| Count (sperm/ml) | 93.17 ± 22.1 | 73.6 ± 21.6a | 64.3 ± 19.8b | 24.5 ± 12.1c | 0.041* |
| PC(cells/HPF) | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 6.9 ± 2.1a | 6.2 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 2.7 | 0.436 |
| EC (cells/HPF) | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 0.865 |
| RBC (cells/HPC) | 0.08 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.973 |
| FSH (IU/L) | 8.56 ± 2.8 | 6.90 ± 2.6a | 6.80 ± 2.7b | 5.80 ± 2.1c | 0.007* |
| LH (IU/L) | 6.24 ± 1.9 | 6.10 ± 2.4 | 6.00 ± 1.9 | 5.60 ± 1.2c | 0.439 |
| TT (nmol/L) | 18.8 ± 4.6 | 14.9 ± 3.2 | 14.5 ± 5.7 | 13.8 ± 5.6 | 0.039* |
| FT (nmol/L) | 0.36 ± 0.1 | 0.27 ± 0.1a | 0.26 ± 0.1b | 0.24 ± 0.1c | 0.021* |
| Bio T (nmol/L) | 8.43 ± 2.9 | 6.21 ± 2.2a | 5.82 ± 2.0b | 5.50 ± 1.4c | 0.018* |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 39.6 ± 7.3 | 41.8 ± 11.6 | 42.4 ± 5.0 | 43.2 ± 9.3 | 0.389 |
| E2 (pg/ml) | 23.0 ± 9.2 | 24.5 ± 9.5 | 25.3 ± 10.1 | 25.9 ± 10.8 | 0.691 |
| PROL (ng/ml) | 15.0 ± 3.6 | 15.1 ± 4.4 | 16.8 ± 2.8 | 17.3 ± 3.1 | 0.352 |
The results for the clinical and biochemical parameters of the study population
Values are given as mean ± standard deviation. *mean difference is significant (p <0.05). PC pus cells, EC epithelial cells, RBC red blood cells, FSH follicle stimulation hormone, LH luteinizing hormone, TT total testosterone, FT free testosterone, Bio T bioavailable testosterone, SHBG sex hormone binding globulin, E2 estradiol and PROL is prolactin. a p <0.05for corresponding values of mild smokers with controls; b p <0.05 for comparison of moderate smokers with controls; c p <0.05 for corresponding values of heavy smokers with non-smokers; d p <0.05 for corresponding values of heavy smokers with mild smokers