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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 5.
Published in final edited form as: World Neurosurg. 2013 Jan 8;81(1):151–158. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.01.015

Table 5.

Characteristics and Utility of the Biomarkers Monitored in this Study

Biomarkers General Features Ischemic Studies
MMP-9 Proteolytic enzyme; Involved
in tissue remodeling;
Important role in
neuroinflammation		 Increased MMP-9 in acute phase; Increased MMP-9
associated with hemorrhagic transformation;
Correlated with infarct size and clinical deficit
S-100B Calcium-binding protein;
Synthesized in Astroglial
Cells; Marker of Brain
Damage		 Increased S-100B in acute phase; S-100B
associated with clinical deficit, infarct volume, and
functional disability
D-Dimer Product of Fibrin
Degradation; Marker of
Hemostatic Imbalance		 Increased DD in acute, subacute, and chronic
phases; Increased DD in cardioembolic stroke;
Predictor of new vascular events and prognostic
role

Montaner et al, 2008 (24); Kai et al, 1998(16); Anderson et al, 2001(1); Dunn et al, 2002(8)