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Two-signal model of innate immunity. TLRs and NLRs cooperate to orchestrate the innate immune response to injury. Activation of TLRs (via DAMPs released from CNS injury) leads to nuclear translocation of NFκB and transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as pro-IL-1β. Activation of NLRs (via a second signal) triggers inflammasome formation, caspase-1 activation, and cleavage of pro-IL-1β into its active form.
