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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 5.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Neurol. 2014 Aug;258:5–16. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.001

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Production of type I IFN by TLR and RLR signaling: DAMPS binding to TLR signal through TRIF. TRIF recruits TRAF3 (not shown) resulting in phosphorylation of IRF3 or 7, thus activating interferon stimulated genes and type I IFNs such as IFNα and β. ROS activate RLR signaling either through RIG1 or MDA5. Either protein binds to VISA and is recruited to the mitochondrion, resulting in phosphorylation of IRF3 or 7 or activation of NF-κB, resulting in production of interferon stimulated gene proteins and the type I IFNs (IFNα and β).