. 2016 Jul 26;4:e2242. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2242

Table 11. Bite force production, biting efficiency, and joint reaction forces in the CHIMPED model variants of human crania.

Bite force (BF), mechanical advantage (MA), working-side TMJ reaction force (RF-WS), and balancing-side TMJ reaction force (RF-BS) for premolar and molar biting. All seven CHIMPED models generated highly distractive (tensile) reaction forces during molar loading that would have increased the chances of joint dislocation and/or injury. Therefore, balancing side muscle forces were iteratively reduced by 5% and re-run until distractive forces were eliminated. Bite forces and TMJ reaction forces are in Newtons (N).

Model	Muscle force	Premolar bite				Molar bite
Model	Muscle force	BF	MA	RF-WS	RF-BS	BF	MA	RF-WS	RF-BS
GRGL	3,965	1,724	0.43	499.82	1,189.57	2,570	0.65	−208.16	1,113.51
GRGL¹	3,569					2,316	0.65	−31.26	841.64
GRGL²	3,469					2,252	0.65	12.96	773.68
BERG	3,637	1,720	0.47	405.08	935.03	2,599	0.71	−185.65	819.81
BERG²	3,183					2,277	0.71	−6.72	560.17
BERG³	3,092					2,213	0.71	29.07	508.24
KSAN1	3,353	1,462	0.44	343.26	1,030.37	2,080	0.62	−187.95	975.38
KSAN1²	2,934					1,822	0.62	−0.30	687.33
KSAN1³	2,850					1,771	0.62	37.23	629.72
KSAN2	2,804	1,272	0.45	311.70	821.79	1,895	0.68	−163.75	757.22
KSAN2²	2,454					1,658	0.68	−11.46	529.80
KSAN2³	2,384					1,610	0.68	18.99	484.32
MALP	2,986	1,358	0.45	384.41	966.38	2,118	0.71	−203.31	963.66
MALP²	2,613					1,851	0.71	−2.01	667.11
MALP³	2,538					1,797	0.71	38.25	607.81
TIGA	4,418	1,941	0.44	564.13	1,288.46	2,896	0.66	−107.59	1,143.16
TIGA⁴	4,197					2,750	0.66	−13.27	997.33
TIGA⁵	4,086					2,678	0.66	33.89	924.42
WAFR	3,567	1,383	0.39	489.34	1,103.22	2,146	0.60	−61.09	1,006.50
WAFR⁶	3,478					2,091	0.60	−24.01	946.69
WAFR⁴	3,389					2,036	0.60	13.07	886.88

Notes:

Model re-run using muscle forces reduced by 20% on the balancing side.

Model re-run using muscle forces reduced by 25% on the balancing side.

Model re-run using muscle forces reduced by 30% on the balancing side.

⁴

Model re-run using muscle forces reduced by 10% on the balancing side.

⁵

Model re-run using muscle forces reduced by 15% on the balancing side.

⁶

Model re-run using muscle forces reduced by 5% on the balancing side.