. 2016 Jul 26;4:e2242. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2242

Table 9. Bite force production, biting efficiency, and joint reaction forces in the ALL-HUM model variants of human crania.

Bite force (BF), mechanical advantage (MA), working-side TMJ reaction force (RF-WS), and balancing-side TMJ reaction force (RF-BS) for premolar and molar biting. Five of seven ALL-HUM models generated distractive (tensile) reaction forces during molar loading. Therefore, balancing side muscle forces were iteratively reduced by 5% and re-run until distractive forces were eliminated. Bite forces and TMJ reaction forces are in Newtons (N).

Model	Muscle force	Premolar bite				Molar bite
Model	Muscle force	BF	MA	RF-WS	RF-BS	BF	MA	RF-WS	RF-BS
GRGL	1,118	441	0.39	167.42	349.25	658	0.59	−11.74	329.79
GRGL¹	1,090					642	0.59	−1.37	311.18
GRGL²	1,062					625	0.59	8.98	292.58
BERG	1,026	439	0.43	147.72	281.55	663	0.65	−6.98	249.09
BERG¹	1,000					647	0.65	1.29	234.72
KSAN1	946	378	0.40	121.76	295.69	538	0.57	−17.49	280.57
KSAN1²	898					511	0.57	0.07	249.74
KSAN2	791	333	0.42	106.83	240.30	496	0.63	−18.86	222.80
KSAN2²	751					471	0.63	−4.26	197.88
KSAN2³	732					459	0.63	3.04	185.41
MALP	842	344	0.41	131.09	277.66	537	0.64	−19.85	274.49
MALP²	800					510	0.64	−0.99	242.97
TIGA	1,246	507	0.41	187.96	373.24	756	0.61	13.68	336.84
WAFR	1,006	341	0.34	149.36	298.77	529	0.53	12.64	273.79

Notes:

Model re-run using muscle forces reduced by 5% on the balancing side.

Model re-run using muscle forces reduced by 10% on the balancing side.

Model re-run using muscle forces reduced by 15% on the balancing side.