Fig 3. Maps of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria risk, human malaria elimination status, and model extrapolation versus interpolation.

A. Predicted risk of P. knowlesi malaria ranging from low to high risk. B. Countries projected to be malaria-free, eliminating malaria, or controlling malaria by 2025 (Map sourced from the University of California San Francisco Global Health Group’s Malaria Elimination Initiative) C. Comparison of environments in Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore (the model training region) with those across the rest of Southeast Asia, using all covariates and the multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS) methods. The map distinguishes between areas of model interpolation and areas where the model was required to extrapolate to novel environments.