Table 2.

Effect of GLA supplementation on the DGLA content of immune cells

						Biochemical Outcomes
Reference	design	supplement	dose	duration	cell type tested	[DGLA]- pre	[DGLA]- post	p value	unit
(Fletcher and Ziboh, 1990)	In vivo fatty acid supplementation	borage oil	3% oil (by weight) in diet	12wk	guinea pig neutrophil	0.27	2.41	p1	mg /100mg total phospholipid
(Ziboh and Fletcher, 1992)	In vivo fatty acid supplementation	borage oil	0.48g GLA/d	6wk	human neutrophil	1.35	1.96	<0.05	mg /100mg total phospholipid
(Ziboh and Fletcher, 1992)	In vivo fatty acid supplementation	blackcurrant oil	0.48g GLA/d	6wk	human neutrophil	1.35	1.95	<0.05	mg /100mg total phospholipid
(Chilton-Lopez et al., 1996)	In vitro fatty acid incorporation	albumin-conjugated GLA	200nmol	24 hr	human neutrophil	0.4	1.0	p1	nmol
(Chilton- Lopez et al., 1996)	In vivo fatty acid supplementation	borage oil	3g GLA/d	21d	human neutrophil	0.45	0.80	<0.05	nmol/million cells
(Johnson et al., 1997)	In vivo fatty acid supplementation	borage oil + controlled diet	1.5g GLA/d 3g GLA/d 6g GLA/d	21d 21d 21d	human neutrophil human neutrophil human neutrophil	0.20 0.15 0.13	0.20 0.27 0.35	ns2 <0.05 <0.05	nmol/5 million cells nmol/5 million cells nmol/5 million cells
(Chapkin and Coble, 1991)	In vitro fatty acid incorporation	albumin-conjugated radiolabeled GLA	tracer amounts	3hr	murine peritoneal macrophage	0	84	p1	% conversion to radiolabel product
(Ziboh et al., 2004)	In vivo fatty acid supplementation	borage oil	2g GLA/d	12mo	human neutrophil	0.7	1.4	<0.05	mg /100mg total phospholipid

¹p value not specified

²ns, not significant