Table 3.

Effect of GLA supplementation on functional endpoints of immune cells

Reference	design	supplement	dose	duration	cells	Functional Outcomes
(Fletcher and Ziboh, 1990)	In vivo fatty acid supplementation	borage oil	3% oil (by weight) in diet	12wk	guinea pig neutrophil	~25% inhibition of fMLP-stimulated superoxide production (vs control diet; p<0.005) No effect on PMA-stimulated superoxide production (vs control diet)
(Iversen et al., 1991)	In vitro fatty acid Competition	LA and DGLA conc. Curve	0–100µM	10m	human neutrophil	50µM DGLA, 75% ↓ in LTB4 generation 50µM LA, 60% ↓ in LTB4 generation
(Iversen et al., 1992)	In vitro fatty acid treatment	DGLA conc. curve	0–100µM	10m	human PBMC1	50µM DGLA, 60% ↓ in LTB4 generation 50µM DGLA, >7-fold ↑ in PGE1 generation 50µm DGLA, significant ↑ in 15-HETrE generation (>250ng/10mil cells)
(Ziboh and Fletcher, 1992)	In vivo fatty acid supplementation	borage oil	0.48g GLA/d	6wk	human neutrophil	50% ↓ LTB4 generation (vs olive oil control), ex vivo
(Ziboh and Fletcher, 1992)	In vivo fatty acid supplementation	black currant oil	0.48g GLA/d	6wk	human neutrophil	50% ↓ LTB4 generation (vs olive oil control), ex vivo
(Chapkin et al., 1988a)	In vitro treatment	15-HETrE	0–30µM	1hr	murine peritoneal macrophage	10µM 15-HETrE, 90% ↓ in LTB4 generation
(Chilton- Lopez et al., 1996)	In vitro treatment	15-HETrE	0–20µM		human neutrophil	10µM 15-HETrE, 75% ↓ in LTB4 generation
(Johnson et al., 1997)	In vivo fatty acid Supplementation	borage oil + controlled diet	3g GLA/day	21d	human neutrophil	58% ↓ LTB4 generation (vs baseline), ex vivo
(Barham et al., 2000)	In vivo fatty acid supplementation	borage + fish oils + controlled diet	3g GLA + 3g EPA/day	21d	human neutrophil	30% ↓ LTB4 generation (vs baseline), ex vivo
(Amagai et al., 2015)	In vitro fatty acid treatment	DGLA conc. curve	0–30µM	48hr	RBL-2H3 cells	30µM, significant (>30ng/ml) PGD1 formation
(Amagai et al., 2015)	In vivo fatty acid supplementation	DGLA	11% of dietary fatty	5wk	NC/Tnd mouse skin	significant ↑ in PDG1, PDE1, PGD2, 8-HETrE, 15- HETrE (vs control diet)

¹PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells