Fig 1.

A schematic illustration of the TRACE-T model architecture. In this example, the model is presented with pseudo-spectral input corresponding to the monosyllable xia1, which gives rise to the activation of units in the phoneme and word layers (shown in red boxes). Monosyllables overlapping in phonemes and/or tone with the input (e.g., xin1, shown in the blue box) can also become partially active during the course of input presentation, giving rise to lexical competition effects. This is the type of lexical competition simulated in the following section. For the feature layer, ROU = vowel roundedness, VOI = voicing for consonants, POS = tongue position for vowels, POA = place of articulation for consonants, HGT = tongue height for vowels, and MAN = manner of articulation for consonants, TON = pitch height and pitch slope for lexical tone. The coding scheme for the phoneme and tone layers is detailed in Tables 1 and 2