Table 1.
Characteristics of ARIC Study participants overall and according to diagnosed diabetes status at visit 5, 2011–2013*
| All Participants | Diagnosed Diabetes | No Diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 5,035 (100.0) | 1,562 (31.0) | 3,473 (69.0) |
| Male | 2,106 (41.8) | 690 (44.2) | 1,416 (40.8) |
| Mean (SD) Age (years) | 75.3 (5.0) | 75.3 (5.1) | 75.4 (5.0) |
| Black | 1,087 (21.6) | 458 (29.3) | 629 (18.1) |
| Education | |||
| Less than High School | 656 (13.0) | 284 (18.2) | 372 (10.7) |
| High School or Equivalent | 2,105 (41.8) | 664 (42.5) | 1,441 (41.5) |
| College or Above | 2,274 (45.2) | 614 (39.3) | 1,660 (47.8) |
| Employed | 1,004 (19.9) | 264 (16.9) | 740 (21.3) |
| Married | 3,401 (67.5) | 990 (63.4) | 2,411 (69.4) |
| Family Income | |||
| Less than $25,000 | 1,250 (24.8) | 492 (31.5) | 758 (21.8) |
| $25,000 to $49,999 | 1,555 (30.9) | 471 (30.2) | 1,084 (31.2) |
| Greater than $49,999 | 2,230 (44.3) | 599 (38.3) | 1,631 (47.0) |
| Cigarette Smoking Status | |||
| Current | 291 (5.8) | 89 (5.7) | 202 (5.8) |
| Former | 2,467 (49.0) | 786 (50.3) | 1,681 (48.4) |
| Never | 2277 (45.2) | 687 (44.0) | 1590 (45.8) |
| Alcohol Drinking Status | |||
| Current | 2,544 (50.5) | 628 (40.2) | 1,916 (55.2) |
| Former | 1,437 (28.5) | 576 (36.9) | 861 (24.8) |
| Never | 1,054 (20.9) | 358 (22.9) | 696 (20.0) |
| Mean (SD) Physical Activity Index (1 to 5 scale) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.5 (0.6) |
| Mean (SD) Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 28.6 (5.5) | 30.4 (5.6) | 27.8 (5.2) |
| Hypertension | 3,712 (73.7) | 1,327 (85.0) | 2,385 (68.7) |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1,402 (27.8) | 516 (33.0) | 886 (25.5) |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease | 382 (7.6) | 168 (10.8) | 214 (6.2) |
| Coronary Heart Disease | 712 (14.1) | 299 (19.1) | 413 (11.9) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 785 (15.6) | 390 (25.0) | 395 (11.4) |
| Myocardial Infarction | 100 (2.0) | 39 (2.5) | 61 (1.8) |
| Stroke | 165 (3.3) | 80 (5.1) | 85 (2.4) |
| History of Fracture-related Hospitalization | 283 (5.6) | 83 (5.3) | 200 (5.8) |
| Mean (SD) HbA1c (% [mmol/mol]) | 5.9 [41.0] (0.8 [8.7]) | 6.6 [49.0] (1.1 [12.0]) | 5.6 [38.0] (0.4 [4.4]) |
| Use of Glucose-Lowering Medication | 993 (19.7) | 993 (63.6) | - |
| Duration of Diabetes, (years) | 10.2 (6.4) | 10.2 (6.4) | - |
| Functional Disability | |||
| Lower Extremity Mobility | 1,565 (31.1) | 689 (44.1) | 876 (25.2) |
| General Physical Activities | 2,292 (45.5) | 879 (56.3) | 1,413 (40.7) |
| Instrumental Activities of Daily Living | 707 (14.0) | 327 (20.9) | 380 (10.9) |
| Activities of Daily Living | 525 (10.4) | 250 (16.0) | 275 (7.9) |
| Any Functional Disability | 2,650 (52.6) | 1,008 (64.5) | 1,642 (47.3) |
*
Values are numbers (percentages) unless otherwise specified. HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin. Functional disability was defined as self-reported difficulty performing a task essential to independent living categorized into functional domains.