Table 2.
Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of diagnosed diabetes with functional disability after adjustment for demographics, health behaviors, and comorbidities among ARIC Study participants at visit 5, 2011–2013 (N=5,035)*
| Diagnosed Diabetes (vs. No Diabetes) |
Lower Extremity Mobility |
General Physical Activities |
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living |
Activities of Daily Living |
Any | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | |
| Crude | 1.75 | 1.61, 1.89 | 1.38 | 1.30, 1.47 | 1.91 | 1.67, 2.19 | 2.02 | 1.72, 2.37 | 1.36 | 1.30, 1.44 |
| Model 1: Crude + Demographics |
1.62 | 1.49, 1.75 | 1.33 | 1.26, 1.41 | 1.65 | 1.45, 1.88 | 1.81 | 1.54, 2.13 | 1.31 | 1.24, 1.37 |
| Model 2: Model 1 + Health behaviors |
1.45 | 1.34, 1.56 | 1.24 | 1.17, 1.32 | 1.50 | 1.32, 1.71 | 1.64 | 1.39, 1.93 | 1.22 | 1.16, 1.28 |
| Model 3: Model 2 + Comorbidities |
1.24 | 1.15, 1.34 | 1.14 | 1.07, 1.21 | 1.33 | 1.16, 1.52 | 1.46 | 1.24, 1.73 | 1.12 | 1.07, 1.18 |
Functional disability was defined as self-reported difficulty performing a task essential to independent living categorized into functional domains. Demographics include sex, age, race, education, employment status, marital status, and income. Health behaviors include smoking, drinking, and physical activity. Comorbidities include obesity, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, peripheral arterial disease, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and history of fracture-related hospitalizations.