Table 1.
Summary of the characteristics of selected studies.
| Author | Year | Journal | Country | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Batistatou, A et al. | 2004 | J Cancer Clin Oncol | Greece | ERβ is mainly expressed in normal astrocytes and in astrocytes of low-grade gliomas. Its presence decreases with increased malignancy of these tumors. |
| Batistatou A et al. | 2006 | Journal of Neuro-Oncology | Greece | ERβ expression is found in gliomas and oligodendrogliomas and ERβ expression tends to decrease with increased histological malignancy of the tumor. Regression models and Kaplan-Meier curves showed better prognosis and longer survival times for patients with ERβ-positive tumors. |
| Cabrera-Munoz E | 2009 | Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology | Mexico | The regulation of PR expression depends on the histological grade of the astrocytoma. PR-A inhibits the effects of progesterone on growing astrocytoma cells. |
| Cabrera-Muñoz E et al. | 2011 | Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry | Mexico | PR expression is correlated with the histological malignancy of gliomas, and PR-B is the predominant isoform in high-grade gliomas. |
| Sareddy G.R et al. | 2012 | Molecular Cancer Therapeutics | USA | ERβ expression is found in normal brain tissue and in low-grade gliomas. ERβ expression decreases with the progression of glial tumors. In high-grade gliomas, these receptors are found mainly in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. ERβ agonists inhibit the growth of gliomas in cells in vivo. |
| Hernández-Hernández O.T et al. | 2012 | Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology | Mexico | Progesterone regulates VEGF and EGFR expression differently in astrocytoma cells by interactions with PR and SRC-1. |
| González-Arenas A et al. | 2012 | Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | Mexico | Estrogen induces the growth of human astrocytomas by interaction with ERα and recruitment of SRC-1 and SRC-3, regulating the expression of genes responsible for cell proliferation and angiogenesis. |
| Wenjun Lia et al. | 2013 | Brain Research | USA | ERβ5 is the main ERβ isoform found in gliomas. Its expression is higher in neoplasms than in normal brain tissue and increases with higher grades of cell dedifferentiation. |
| Jimenez J.M.D et al. | 2014 | Journal of Neuro-Oncology | Mexico | There is a negative correlation between ERα expression and the malignancy grade of gliomas.There is a positive correlation between ERα expression and the survival time of patients suffering from gliomas. |
| Liu C et al. | 2014 | Cancer Epidemiology | China | ERs are present in normal brain tissues and in gliomas. There is a significant reduction in ERα and ERβ expression with increased histological malignancy of the tumor. |
| Germán-Castelán L et al. | 2014 | Biomed Research International | 2014 | Progesterone induces the proliferation and infiltration of human anaplastic astrocytomas cells implanted in the rat motor cortex by interaction with PR. |
| Atif F et al. | 2015 | Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology | USA | High doses of progesterone inhibit the in vitro growth of human glioblastoma multiforme, mainly by inhibiting cell growth and tumor angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis regardless of the interaction with PR. |
| González-Arenas A et al. | 2015 | General Endocrinology | Mexico | Protein C kinase α (PKCα) phosphorylates PR, and these receptors increase the genetic transcription and multiplication of astrocytomas. |
ERα: Estrogen receptor alpha. ERβ: estrogen receptor beta. ERβ5: estrogen receptor beta 5. VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor. EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor. GDNF: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. PR: progesterone receptor. PR-A: progesterone receptor A. SRC-1: steroid receptor coactivator 1. SRC-3: steroid receptor coactivator 3.