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. 2016 Jul 22;18(7):e188. doi: 10.2196/jmir.5605

Table 1.

Explanatory factors of eHealth usage in Europe (first stage)a in 2011.

Dimension/variable Standardized
coefficient		 P value Error P value
1. Health Internet usage

0.698 <.001

1. Look for information about a physical illness 0.536 <.001 1.732 <.001

2. Look for information about wellness or lifestyle 0.545 <.001 1.955 <.001

3. Buy medicine or vitamins online 0.779 <.001 2.558 <.001

4. Participate in an online support group with people 0.774 <.001 2.761 <.001

5. Participate in social networking sites 0.790 <.001 2.301 <.001

6. Use email or Web to communicate with a doctor’s office 0.713 <.001 3.301 <.001

7. Click on a health or medical Web’s privacy policy 0.682 <.001 3.750 <.001

8. Describe a medical condition to get advice from an online doctor 0.783 <.001 2.645 <.001

9. Describe a medical condition to get advice from other online users 0.822 <.001 1.905 <.001

10. Bookmark or favorite a health website 0.725 <.001 2.426 <.001

11. Look to see what company is providing the information on a health website 0.681 <.001 2.661 <.001

12. Look for information about a mental health issue 0.749 <.001 2.209 <.001

13. Disclose medical information on social networking sites 0.821 <.001 2.329 <.001

14. Disclose medical information on websites to share files 0.814 <.001 2.516 <.001

Goodness-of-fit indexes: NFIb: 0.986; RFIc: 0.979; IFId: 0.987; TLIe: 0.980; CFIf: 0.987; RMSEAg: 0.041
2. Health care Internet usage

1.982 <.001

15. Make an Internet appointment with health care professionals 0.743 <.001 1.609 <.001

16. Receive an email from doctor, nurse, or health care organization 0.781 <.001 1.343 <.001

17. Have an online consultation through videoconference with health care professionals 0.813 <.001 1.675 <.001

18. Receive online the results of clinical or medical test 0.801 <.001 1.484 <.001

19. Use medical information through an Internet provider 0.776 <.001 2.098 <.001

20. Use medical information through an Internet health care organization 0.812 <.001 1.656 <.001

21. Use a game console to play games related to health or wellness 0.739 <.001 2.056 <.001

22. Use a health/wellness app on mobile phone 0.790 <.001 1.643 <.001

23. Use electronic devices to transmit clinical or medical information 0.758 <.001 1.811 <.001

24. Email about health promotion or health prevention 0.670 <.001 1.906 <.001

Goodness-of-fit indexes: NFI: 0.971; RFI: 0.953; IFI: 0.971; TLI: 0.954; CFI: 0.971; RMSEA: 0.074
3. Drivers of health care Internet usage

0.237 <.001

25. Secure handling of personal information 0.672 <.001 0.287 <.001

26. Information in own language 0.580 <.001 0.407 <.001

27. Updated information 0.737 <.001 0.246 <.001

28. Interactivity 0.520 <.001 0.579 <.001

29. Involvement of health professionals 0.867 <.001 0.150 <.001

30. Clear statement of who is responsible for sponsoring the site 0.586 <.001 0.614 <.001

31. Involvement of health organizations 0.728 <.001 0.322 <.001

32. Involvement of governments 0.382 <.001 0.794 <.001

Goodness-of-fit indexes: NFI: 0.973; RFI: 0.934; IFI: 0.973; TLI: 0.935; CFI: 0.973; RMSEA: 0.075
4. Barriers to health care Internet usage

0.296 <.001

33. Lack of digital skills 0.583 <.001 0.574 <.001

34. Lack of access to ICTh for health applications 0.632 <.001 0.452 <.001

35. Lack of motivation and interest 0.666 <.001 0.382 <.001

36. Lack of awareness 0.730 <.001 0.329 <.001

37. Lack of health literacy 0.714 <.001 0.352 <.001

38. Lack of trust 0.832 <.001 0.199 <.001

39. Lack of liability 0.810 <.001 0.242 <.001

40. Lack of privacy 0.762 <.001 0.279 <.001

41. Lack of security 0.800 <.001 0.232 <.001

42. Lack of reliability 0.804 <.001 0.219 <.001

Goodness-of-fit indexes: NFI: 0.979; RFI: 0.953; IFI: 0.980; TLI: 0.953; CFI: 0.980; RMSEA: 0.074
5. Usefulness of health Internet usage

0.720 <.001

43. ICT for health could increase other ICT uses 0.751 <.001 0.555 <.001

44. ICT for health could lead to greater patient satisfaction 0.819 <.001 0.372 <.001

45. ICT for health could improve health status 0.782 <.001 0.471 <.001

46. ICT for health could improve the ability to take care of one’s own health 0.816 <.001 0.385 <.001

47. ICT for health could change behaviors toward a healthy lifestyle 0.769 <.001 0.469 <.001

48. ICT for health could avoid travelling expenses and time 0.740 <.001 0.567 <.001

49. ICT for health could improve the quality of health care services 0.803 <.001 0.407 <.001

50. Internet health could substitute for offline consultations with the physicians 0.604 <.001 1.022 <.001

51. Internet health complements offline consultations with the physicians 0.704 <.001 0.687 <.001

52. Quality of Internet health is aligned with the quality of offline services 0.626 <.001 0.796 <.001

53. Personal information could be shared with physicians through Internet due to privacy 0.273 <.001 1.202 <.001

54. Patients could be more comfortable with a remote monitoring system to track health 0.626 <.001 0,895 <.001

55. Patients could be willing to pay to access Internet health services 0.512 <.001 1.140 <.001

Goodness-of-fit indexes: NFI: 0.979; RFI: 0.953; IFI: 0.980; TLI: 0.953; CFI: 0.980; RMSEA: 0.074
6. ICT usage

0.037 <.001

56. Use a search engine to find information 0.242 <.001 0.600 <.001

57. Send emails with attached files 0.344 <.001 0.987 <.001

58. Post messages to chatrooms, newsgroups, or an online discussion forum 0.626 <.001 1.290 <.001

59. Use the Internet to make telephone calls 0.520 <.001 1.377 <.001

60. Use peer-to-peer file sharing for exchanging pictures, videos, or movies 0.637 <.001 1.042 <.001

61. Create a webpage 0.552 <.001 0.856 <.001

62. Use websites to share pictures, videos, or movies 0.681 <.001 1.103 <.001

63. Use a social networking site 0.436 <.001 1.972 <.001

64. Purchase goods or services online 0.472 <.001 0.801 <.001

65. Keep a blog or weblog 0.564 <.001 0.939 <.001

66. Use instant messaging or chat websites 0.564 <.001 1.638 <.001

67. Do home banking 0.184 <.001 1.577 <.001

68. Use online software 0.612 <.001 1.230 <.001

69. Use the Internet through mobile phone 0.523 <.001 1.833 <.001

70. Use online gaming or playing games console 0.371 <.001 1.976 <.001

Goodness-of-fit indexes: NFI: 0.942; RFI: 0.912; IFI: 0.944; TLI: 0.914; CFI: 0.944; RMSEA: 0.051
7. Information health Internet usage

0.656 <.001

71. Better informed about the advice of the health care professionals 0.792 <.001 0.389 <.001

72. Better understanding of personal health 0.830 <.001 0.301 <.001

73. Better informed on what is available, so that can make own choices 0.802 <.001 0.341 <.001

74. Better understand the relevance of personal health 0.817 <.001 0.323 <.001

75. Know more about the opinions of people who are in similar situations 0.708 <.001 0.505 <.001

76. Better understand personal health through online discussions or experiences 0.733 <.001 0.524 <.001

77. Play a more active role in exchanges with health care professionals 0.728 <.001 0.547 <.001

Goodness-of-fit indexes: NFI: 0.993; RFI: 0.985; IFI: 0.993; TLI: 0.986; CFI: 0.993; RMSEA: 0.046
8. Health Internet attitudes

0.673 <.001

78. Better equipped to implement the advice of health care professionals 0.819 <.001 0.332 <.001

79. Better equipped to make own choices without the advice of a physician 0.791 <.001 0.433 <.001

80. Better equipped to make positive changes through other people 0.805 <.001 0.353 <.001

81. More confident in playing a more active role in relationship with physician 0.834 <.001 0.319 <.001

82. More confident about choices on possible treatments and solutions 0.863 <.001 0.265 <.001

83. More confident in discussions with the people in one’s life 0.795 <.001 0.387 <.001

Goodness-of-fit indexes: NFI: 0.998; RFI: 0.991; IFI: 0.998; TLI: 0.992; CFI: 0.998; RMSEA: 0.041
9. Empowerment health Internet users

0.665 <.001

84. Make decisions on health, albeit without going against the physicians 0.760 <.001 0.486 <.001

85. Take a more active role in health by deciding solutions or alternative approaches 0.840 <.001 0.317 <.001

86. Make decisions about health on the basis of own preferences 0.825 <.001 0.384 <.001

87. Take a more active role in health by continuing to talk with people 0.775 <.001 0.414 <.001

88. Make decisions about health by relying on the experiences of other people 0.783 <.001 0.452 <.001

Goodness-of-fit indexes: NFI: 0.997; RFI: 0.988; IFI: 0.997; TLI: 0.992; CFI: 0.988; RMSEA: 0.048

aRegression analysis: structural equation modelling; direct effects.

bNFI: normed fit index.

cRFI: relative fit index.

dIFI: incremental fit index.

eTLI: Tucker-Lewis index

fCFI: comparative fit index.

gRMSEA: root mean square error of approximation.

hICT: information and communication technology.