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. 2016 Aug 8;7:1150. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01150

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Stimulatory effect of kaolin on the phenylpropanoid pathway. (A) Transcript levels of grapevine phenylalanine ammonia lyase 1 (VvPAL1) and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase 1 (VvC4H1) (C) in grape berries. (B) Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) total enzymatic activity, determined as Vmax in berries collected in the full mature stage (12th September) from vines treated with kaolin and without application (control). The assay was performed in triplicate. Values are the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. Asterisks indicate statistical significance (Student's t-test; *P < 0.05). Gene expression analyses were performed by real-time qPCR in grape berry tissues collected in four different maturation stages (green, véraison, mature, and full mature) from vines subjected to kaolin treatment and without application (control). VvPAL1 and VvC4H1 relative expression levels were obtained after normalization with the expression of the reference genes VvACT1 and VvGAPDH. Two independent PCR runs with triplicates were performed for each tested mRNA. Values are the mean ± SEM. Asterisks indicate statistical significance (Student's t-test; *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001).