Table 1.
Characteristics of thirteen studies included for review
| Reference | Subject characteristics | Intervention | Control | Polyphenol source and dose |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balisteiro et al. (2013)(10) | 23 healthy adults (17 female), 29 ± 6 years, 23·7 ± 2·9 kg/m2 | White bread (25 g avCHO) and 300 ml clarified aracá juice | White bread (25 g avCHO) and 300 ml water | Aracá juice containing 1·48 g proanthocyanidins TQE and 546 mg total phenolics CE/300 ml juice |
| Bryans et al. (2007)(15) | 16 healthy adults (12 female), 35·5 ± 1·5 years, 23·8 ± .7 kg/m2 | 1 g instant black tea with 75 g glucose in 250 ml water | 75 g glucose with 0·052 g caffeine in 250 ml water (positive control) 75 g glucose in 250 ml water (control) |
Black tea containing 39 mg/g flavanol-3-ol, 21 mg/g theaflavins and 350 mg/g total polyphenols |
| Clegg et al. (2011)(11) | 12 healthy adults (9 female), 33 ± 13 years | Pancakes with 100 g raspberries (50 g in/50 g additional) and 200 ml water Pancakes with 100 g blueberries (50/50 g) and 200 ml water |
Pancakes with 2·65 g glucose/2·88 g fructose and 200 ml water Pancakes with 4·88 g glucose/4·95 g fructose and 200 ml water |
100 g raspberries or blueberries |
| Coe et al. (2013)(12) | 9 healthy adult females, 25·3 ± 4·8 years, 22·3 ± 2·6 kg/m2 | 18·5 g baobab fruit extract in 250 ml water and 123 g white bread 37 g baobab fruit in 250 ml water and 144 g white bread |
132 g white bread and 250 ml water | Baobab fruit extract containing 28·85 ± 0·47 mg GAE/g total polyphenols |
| Gruendel et al. (2007)(16) | 20 healthy adults (12 female) 29·4 ± 2·6 years, 23 ± ·5 kg/m2 | 5, 10 or 20 g carob fibre with 50 g glucose in 200 ml water | 50 g glucose in 200 ml water | Carob containing 2·8 g/100 g total polyphenols including gallic acid, gallotannins and flavonol glycosides |
| Johnston et al. (2002)(17) | 9 healthy adults (5 female), 24 ± 3·2 years | Clear apple juice (400 ml) (total of 25 g glucose/30·7 g fructose) Cloudy apple juice (400 ml) (total of 25 g glucose/30·7 g fructose) |
Total of 25 g glucose/30·7 g fructose in 400 ml water | Clear apple juice with phloridzin 5·7–11·9 µg/ml and chlorogenic acid 35·1–68·6 µg/ml Cloudy apple juice with phloridzin 4·1–27·3 µg/ml and chlorogenic acid 79·1–255·6 µg/ml Low amounts of phloretin xyloglucoside and catechin |
| Johnston et al. (2003)(18) | 9 healthy adults (5 female), 26 ± 3·2 years | 400 ml caffeinated coffee with 25 g glucose 400 ml decaffeinated coffee with 25 g glucose |
25 g glucose in 400 ml water | Coffee containing 2·5 mmol/l cholorogenic acid |
| Ochiai et al. (2014)(19) | 14 healthy adult males, 36·2 ± 7·8 years, 22·7 ± 1·8 kg/m2, non-smokers | 75 g glucose with coffee polyphenols in 225 ml water | 75 g glucose in 225 ml water | Chlorogenic acid (600 mg) |
| Rosén et al. (2011)(13) | 14 healthy adults (7 female), 23·6 ± .5 years, 22 ± ·5 kg/m2 | Whole grain rye breads (50 g avCHO): Amilo, Nikita, Dankowskie Zlote, Haute Loire, Rekrut and all with 250 ml tap water | White wheat bread (50 g avCHO) and 250 ml water | Various |
| Törrönen et al. (2010)(20) | 12 healthy adults (11 female), 54·2 ± 15·1 years, 25·4 ± 2·9 kg/m2 | 150 g berry purée and sucrose (35 g) (natural sugar content 4·5 g/portion glucose and 5·1 g/portion fructose) in 120 ml tap water | Sucrose (35 g) and 4·5 g glucose/5·1 g fructose in 250 ml water | 37·5 g total blackcurrants, bilberries, cranberries and strawberries |
| Törrönen et al. (2012)(21) | 20 healthy adult females, 57 ± 10 years, 24·6 ± 2·4 kg/m2 | (1) 150 g berry purée and sucrose (35 g) in 150 ml water (2) 150 g fresh berry nectars and sucrose (35 g) in 300 ml water |
Sucrose (35 g) in 300 ml water | 1. 150 g blackcurrants or lingonberries |
| Törrönen et al. (2012)(22) | 12 healthy adults (10 female), 58 ± 11 years, 24·3 ± 2·2 kg/m2 | 150 g berry purée with sucrose (35 g) (natural sugar content 4·4 g/portion glucose and 4·7 g/portion fructose) in 120 ml tap water | Sucrose (35 g) and 4·4 g glucose/4·7 g fructose in 250 ml tap water | 37·5 g blackcurrants, bilberries, cranberries and strawberries |
| Törrönen et al. (2013)(14) | (1) 15 healthy adult females, 48 ± 14 years, 24·4 ± 2·7 kg/m2 (2) 13 healthy adult females, 50 ± 12 years, 24·2 ± 3·2 kg/m2 (3) 20 healthy adult females, 57 ± 12 years, 24·2 ± 2 kg/m2 |
(1) Wheat bread and 150 g whole berry purée and 200 ml water (2) Wheat bread and 150 g whole berry purée and 200 ml water (3) Wheat bread or rye bread and a mix of berries and water (all without crust; 50 g avCHO) |
(1) Wheat bread and 50 g cucumber and 300 ml water (2) Wheat bread and 50 g cucumber and 300 ml water (3) Wheat or rye bread and 50 g cucumber and 300 ml water (all without crust; 50 g avCHO) |
(1) 150 g strawberries, bilberries or lingonberries (2) 150 g raspberries, cloudberries or chokeberries (3) 150 g total strawberries, bilberries, cranberries and blackcurrants |
avCHO, available carbohydrate; TQE, tannin equivalents; CE, catechin equivalents; GAE, gallic acid equivalents.