Table 1.
Intake of fifty individual polyphenols for the identified clusters – flavonoid compounds*
(Mean values and standard deviations)
| Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | P† | |
| n | 1352 | 1355 | 1456 | 1929 | |||||
| % | 22·2 | 22·2 | 23·9 | 31·7 | |||||
| Flavonoids | |||||||||
| Flavanones | |||||||||
| Hesperidin (mg/d) | 16·8 | 19·10 | 16·7 | 18·88 | 17·5‡ | 21·79 | 15·8§ | 19·02 | 0·08 |
| Narirutin (mg/d) | 3·5 | 3·96 | 3·4 | 3·91 | 3·6‡ | 4·52 | 3·3§ | 3·95 | 0·08 |
| Didymin (mg/d) | 3·8 | 4·38 | 3·8 | 4·33 | 4·0‡ | 5·00 | 3·6§ | 4·37 | 0·08 |
| Flavones | |||||||||
| Apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucoside (mg/d) | 3·6 | 4·09 | 3·6 | 4·04 | 3·7‡ | 4·66 | 3·4§ | 4·07 | 0·08 |
| Apigenin arabinoside-glucoside (mg/d) | 10·4 | 4·32 | 9·9§ | 3·84 | 11·1‡ | 5·55 | 10·4 | 4·72 | <0·001 |
| Apigenin galactoside-arabinoside (mg/d) | 16·1 | 7·51 | 15·2§ | 6·58 | 17·3‡ | 9·64 | 16·0 | 8·13 | <0·001 |
| Flavonols | |||||||||
| Quercetin (mg/d) | 3·5 | 1·72 | 3·5‡ | 1·72 | 2·4§ | 2·21 | 3·1 | 2·02 | <0·001 |
| Quercetin 3-O-galactoside (mg/d) | 3·6‡ | 2·58 | 2·5 | 2·14 | 3·1 | 2·59 | 2·1§ | 1·82 | <0·001 |
| Quercetin 3-O-glucoside (mg/d) | 5·1‡ | 2·97 | 3·8 | 2·41 | 2·4§ | 2·55 | 2·5 | 1·92 | <0·001 |
| Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (mg/d) | 3·3‡ | 1·54 | 3·3 | 1·60 | 1·5§ | 1·13 | 2·8 | 1·75 | <0·001 |
| Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (mg/d) | 7·6‡ | 4·93 | 5·5 | 3·88 | 5·0 | 4·66 | 4·0§ | 3·02 | <0·001 |
| Quercetin 3,4′-O-diglucoside (mg/d) | 5·3 | 3·11 | 5·2§ | 3·44 | 5·7‡ | 4·01 | 5·2§ | 3·50 | <0·001 |
| Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (mg/d) | 4·3‡ | 2·92 | 3·0 | 2·34 | 2·2 | 2·63 | 1·9§ | 1·87 | <0·001 |
| Quercetin 4′-O-glucoside (mg/d) | 3·4 | 2·02 | 3·4 | 2·24 | 3·7‡ | 2·61 | 3·4§ | 2·28 | <0·001 |
| Anthocyanins | |||||||||
| Cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (mg/d) | 11·9 | 19·59 | 10·6 | 20·37 | 12·2‡ | 23·21 | 10·2§ | 18·85 | 0·01 |
| Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (mg/d) | 6·3 | 7·61 | 5·7 | 7·09 | 6·5‡ | 8·24 | 5·6§ | 7·22 | 0·002 |
| Malvidin 3-O-glucoside (mg/d) | 17·7 | 12·43 | 18·0‡ | 12·85 | 1·8§ | 6·02 | 13·1 | 14·07 | <0·001 |
| Malvidin 3-O-(6″-acetyl-glucoside) (mg/d) | 6·3 | 4·42 | 6·4‡ | 4·61 | 0·5§ | 1·86 | 4·6 | 5·00 | <0·001 |
| Dihydroflavonols | |||||||||
| Dihydromyricetin 3-O-rhamnoside (mg/d) | 7·5 | 5·53 | 7·7‡ | 5·82 | 0·2§ | 1·97 | 5·5 | 6·27 | <0·001 |
| Flavanols | |||||||||
| Catechins | |||||||||
| (+)-Catechin (mg/d) | 22·5‡ | 9·88 | 19·6 | 9·36 | 10·1§ | 7·65 | 14·7§ | 9·72 | <0·001 |
| (−)-Epicatechin (mg/d) | 30·9‡ | 14·95 | 24·0 | 12·18 | 22·4 | 15·94 | 19·1§ | 10·09 | <0·001 |
| (+)-Gallocatechin (mg/d) | 27·7‡ | 30·80 | 12·9 | 22·43 | 18·0 | 27·77 | 5·0§ | 12·60 | <0·001 |
| (−)-Epigallocatechin (mg/d) | 24·7‡ | 27·43 | 11·5 | 19·97 | 16·1 | 24·74 | 4·5§ | 11·23 | <0·001 |
| (−)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate (mg/d) | 19·4‡ | 20·03 | 9·7 | 14·62 | 11·9 | 18·12 | 4·2§ | 8·26 | <0·001 |
| (−)-Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (mg/d) | 32·5‡ | 36·34 | 15·0 | 26·47 | 21·2 | 32·76 | 5·7§ | 14·87 | <0·001 |
| Proanthocyanidins, by DP-HPLC | |||||||||
| Proanthocyanidins by DP-HPLC (>10mers) (mg/d) | 88·9‡ | 49·00 | 81·7 | 41·08 | 81·6 | 78·09 | 77·5§ | 44·69 | <0·001 |
| Proanthocyanidins by DP-HPLC (4–6mers) (mg/d) | 58·4‡ | 32·17 | 54·5 | 28·80 | 56·0 | 54·21 | 52·8§ | 32·86 | <0·001 |
| Proanthocyanidins by DP-HPLC (7–10mers) (mg/d) | 39·7‡ | 21·15 | 37·1 | 18·64 | 36·5 | 33·52 | 35·5§ | 20·79 | <0·001 |
| Proanthocyanidins | |||||||||
| Procyanidin dimer B1 (mg/d) | 20·6‡ | 11·51 | 16·1 | 10·20 | 11·6§ | 11·27 | 12·0 | 10·07 | <0·001 |
| Procyanidin dimer B2 (mg/d) | 25·3‡ | 10·97 | 22·2 | 10·43 | 17·0§ | 12·17 | 19·0 | 11·19 | <0·001 |
| Procyanidin dimer B3 (mg/d) | 17·7‡ | 11·59 | 17·5 | 12·23 | 1·9§ | 4·28 | 12·4 | 13·18 | <0·001 |
| Procyanidin dimer B4 (mg/d) | 16·7‡ | 9·80 | 14·6 | 9·92 | 3·3§ | 5·37 | 9·7 | 10·30 | <0·001 |
| Procyanidin trimer C1 (mg/d) | 8·6‡ | 4·18 | 7·3 | 3·78 | 4·0§ | 3·81 | 5·6 | 4·17 | <0·001 |
| Procyanidin trimer T2 (mg/d) | 11·1‡ | 8·28 | 11·5 | 8·73 | 0·3§ | 2·93 | 8·1 | 9·37 | <0·001 |
DP-HPLC, normal-phase HPLC by degree of polymerisation.
*
Mean intakes are calculated from residuals after taking into account energy intake.
†
P value from mean comparison by ANOVA.
‡
Clusters with the highest mean intake of individual polyphenols.
§
Clusters with the lowest mean intake of individual polyphenols.