. 2016 Jul 19;5:e30. doi: 10.1017/jns.2016.18

Table 2.

Characteristics of the soya isoflavone interventions used in the randomised controlled trials examining the effect of equol producer (EP) status on the risk factors for CHD

First author, year	Source of isoflavones	Control	Isoflavone dose/d	Constituents of isoflavone dose	Duration of trial
Acharjee et al. (2015)⁽²⁷⁾^*	TLC diet with soya nuts	TLC diet without soya nuts	101 mg isoflavones (AG)/d	30 mg daidzein, 61 mg genistein, 10 mg glycitein	16 weeks
Badeau et al. (2007)⁽²⁸⁾^†	Isoflavone tablet	Placebo tablet	114 mg isoflavones/d	41 mg daidzein, 7 mg genistein, 66 mg glycitein	6 months
Campbell et al. (2004)⁽²⁹⁾	Isoflavone tablet	Placebo tablet	86 mg red clover isoflavones/d	43 mg total isoflavones: 4 mg genistein, 5 mg daidzein, 25 mg biochanin, 8 mg formononetin	2 months
Clerici et al. (2007)⁽⁵⁶⁾	Soya germ-enriched pasta	Conventional pasta	33 mg of isoflavones (AG)/d	Predominantly daidzein, genistein, glycitein	8 weeks
Curtis et al. (2013)⁽³⁰⁾	Flavonoid-enriched chocolate	Placebo chocolate	100 mg isoflavones (AG)/d	Predominantly daidzein	1 year
Gallagher et al. (2004)⁽³¹⁾	SPI powder with isoflavones (SPI 96 or SPI 50)	SPI without isoflavones (SPI 4)	SPI 96: 96 mg/d isoflavones, SPI 50: 52 mg isoflavones/d	SPI 96: 28 mg daidzein, 52 mg genistein; SPI 50: 20 mg daidzein, 28 mg genistein; SPI 4: 0 mg daidzein, 4 mg genistein	9 months (soya for 9 months, followed an additional 6 months)
Gardner et al. (2007)⁽⁵⁷⁾	WB milk, SPI milk	Dairy milk	WB: 125 (sd 17) isoflavones (AG)/d; SPI milk: 39 (sd 1) isoflavones (AG)/d	WB milk: 56·4 (sd 6·4) mg daidzein, 65·5 (sd 9·7) mg genistein, 2·9 (sd 0·4) mg glycitein; SPI milk: 12·9 (sd 0·2) mg daidzein, 24·7 (sd 0·3) mg genistein, 1·0 (sd 0·2) mg glycitein	12 weeks
Greany et al. (2004)⁽³²⁾^‡	SPI, SPI plus probiotic capsules	MPI powder	44 (sem 8) mg isoflavones/d	34 % daidzein, 57 % genistein, 9 % glycitein	24 weeks
Greany et al. (2008)⁽³³⁾^‡	SPI powder	MPI powder	44 (sd 8) mg isoflavones/d	34 % daidzein, 57 % genistein, 9 % glycitein	24 weeks
Hall et al. (2005)⁽³⁴⁾^§	Isoflavone-enriched cereal bars	Placebo cereal bars	50 mg isoflavones/d	Genistein:daidzein ratio of 2	16 weeks
Hall et al. (2006)⁽³⁵⁾^§	Isoflavone-enriched cereal bars	Placebo cereal bars	50 mg isoflavones/d	Genistein:daidzein ratio of 2	16 weeks
Hallund et al. (2006)⁽³⁶⁾^§	Isoflavone-enriched cereal bars	Placebo cereal bars	50 mg isoflavones/d	Genistein:daidzein ratio of 2	16 weeks
Hodis et al. (2011)⁽¹⁴⁾	Powdered soya beverage or food bars	Total milk protein beverage or food bars	91 mg isoflavones/d (154 mg total isoflavone conjugates plus AGs)	36 mg AG daidzein 36 mg (61 mg total), 52 mg AG genistein (88 mg total), 3 mg AG glycitein (5 mg total)	2·5–3 years
Kreijkamp-Kaspers et al. (2005)⁽³⁷⁾^‖	Soya protein powder	Total milk protein powder	25·6 g of isoflavone-rich soya protein/d	41 mg daidzein, 52 mg genistein, 6 mg glycitein (AG) in 36·5 g soya-protein powder	12 months
Kreijkamp-Kaspers et al. (2004)⁽³⁸⁾^‖	Soya protein powder	Total milk protein powder	25·6 g of isoflavone-rich soya protein/d	41 mg daidzein, 52 mg genistein, 6 mg glycitein (AG) in 36·5 g soya-protein powder	12 months
Liu et al. (2014)⁽³⁹⁾^¶	Whole soya group: soya flour; daidzein group: daidzein and milk powder	Low-fat milk powder	Whole soya group: 40 g soya with 49·8 mg total isoflavones/d; daidzein group: 63 mg daidzein/d	Whole soya group: 23·2 mg daidzein, 19·4 mg genistein; daidzein group: 63 mg daidzein	6 months
Liu et al. (2015)⁽⁴⁰⁾^¶	Whole soya group: soya flour; daidzein group: daidzein and milk powder	Low-fat milk powder	Whole soya group: 49·3 mg isoflavones/d; daidzein group: 63 mg daidzein/d	Whole soya group: 23·2 mg daidzein, 19·4 mg genistein, 6·4 mg glycitein; daidzein group: 63 mg daidzein	6 months
Liu et al. (2013)⁽⁴¹⁾^¶	Whole soya group: soya flour; daidzein group: daidzein and milk powder	Low-fat milk powder	Whole soya group: 40 g soya with 49·8 mg total isoflavones/d; daidzein group: 63 mg daidzein/d	Whole soya group: 23·2 mg daidzein, 19·4 mg genistein, 6·7 mg glycitein; daidzein group: 63 mg daidzein	6 months
Ma et al. (2005)⁽⁵⁸⁾	Soya protein powder	Milk protein powder	120 mg isoflavones (AG)/d	Not reported	5 weeks
Mangano et al. (2013)⁽⁴²⁾	SPI: soya protein and isoflavone tablets, SPP: soya protein and placebo tablets, CPI: control protein and isoflavone tablets	CPP: control protein and placebo tablets	Soya protein: 4 mg isoflavones/d; isoflavone tablets: 105 mg isoflavones (AG)/d	Primarily daidzein, genistein, glycitein and their β-glycosides	1 year
McVeigh et al. (2006)⁽⁶⁷⁾	Low-Iso SPI: low-isoflavone SPI, high-Iso SPI: high-isoflavone SPI powders	MPI powder	Low-Iso SPI: 1·64 (sd 0·19) mg isoflavones (AG)/d; high-Iso SPI: 61·7 (sd 7·35) mg isoflavones (AG)/d	Not reported	171 d
Meyer et al. (2004)⁽⁵⁹⁾	Soya milk, soya yogurt	Dairy milk, dairy yogurt	80 mg isoflavones/d	Soya milk: 8·8 mg isoflavones/100 g, soya yogurt: 8·8 mg isoflavones/100 g	10 weeks
Nestel et al. (2004)⁽⁶⁰⁾	Red clover pill (B or F preparations)	Placebo pill	40 mg isoflavones/d of B or F preparations	Red clover B: <1 % daidzein, 4 % genistein, red clover F: <1 % daidzein and genistein	12 weeks
Nikander et al. (2004)⁽⁴³⁾^†	Isoflavonoid tablets	Placebo tablets	114 mg isoflavonoids/d	41 mg daidzein, 7 mg genistein, 66 mg glycitein	6 months
Pipe et al. (2009)⁽⁶¹⁾	SPI powder	MPI powder	88 mg isoflavones (AG)/d	27 mg daidzein, 57 mg genistein, 4 mg glycitein	114 d
Pop et al. (2008)⁽⁴⁴⁾	Isoflavone capsules	Placebo capsule	900 mg isoflavones/d	296 mg daidzein, 558 mg genistein, 44 mg glycitein	84 d
Pusparini & Hidayat (2015)⁽⁴⁵⁾	Soya isoflavone tablets	Placebo tablet	40 mg isoflavones/d	16·4 mg daidzein, 22·4 mg genistein, 1·2 mg glycitein	6 months
Qin et al. (2014)⁽⁶²⁾	SPI with daidzein (DAI40 and DAI80) supplementation	SPI without daidzein supplementation	0·7 mg isoflavones/d supplemented with 40 mg/d daidzein (DAI40) or 80 mg/d daidzein (DAI80)	DAI40: 40 mg daidzein, DAI80: 80 mg daidzein	6 months
Reimann et al. (2006)⁽⁴⁶⁾^§	Isoflavone-enriched fruit cereal bars	Fruit cereal bar without isoflavones	50 mg isoflavones/d	Genistein:daidzein ratio of 2:1	16 weeks
Reverri et al. (2015)⁽⁶³⁾	Soya nuts	Cookies supplemented with whey protein and fibre	101 mg isoflavones (AG)/d	42 mg daidzein, 55 mg genistein, 4 mg glycitein	8 weeks
Sen et al. (2012)⁽⁴⁷⁾	High-soya group: two servings of soya foods/d; low-soya group: three servings of soya/week	None	High soya group: >40 mg of isoflavones/d; low soya group: <10 mg of isoflavones/d	Not reported	12 months
Steinberg et al. (2003)⁽⁴⁸⁾	Soya+: SPI with isoflavones, soya-: SPI with trace amounts of isoflavones	Total milk protein	Soya+: 107·67 mg isoflavones/d (AG); soya−: 1·82 mg isoflavones/d (AG)	Soya+: 0·5 mg daidzein, 1 mg genistein, 0·5 mg glycitein (AG); soya-: 47 mg daidzein, 55 mg genistein, 5 mg glycitein (AG)	18 weeks
Thorp et al. (2008)⁽⁶⁴⁾	Diet S: food with soya protein, diet SD: food with soya and dairy protein	Diet D: dairy protein	Diet S: 71·4 (sem 1·9) mg isoflavones (AG)/d; diet SD: 76 (sem 1·5) mg isoflavones (AG)/d; diet D: 0·5 (sem 0·1) mg isoflavones (AG)/d	Not reported	18 weeks
Törmälä et al. (2008)⁽⁴⁹⁾^**	Soya protein powder	Milk protein powder	112 mg isoflavones (AG)/d	Not reported	16 weeks
Törmälä et al. (2008)⁽⁵⁰⁾^**	Soya protein powder	Milk protein powder	112 mg isoflavones/d	43 mg daidzein, 63 mg genistein, 6 mg glycitein	16 weeks
Törmälä et al. (2007)⁽⁵¹⁾^**	Soya protein powder	Milk protein powder	112 mg isoflavones/d	43 mg daidzein, 63 mg genistein, 6 mg glycitein	16 weeks
Törmälä et al. (2006)⁽⁵²⁾^†	Isoflavone tablet	Placebo tablet	114 mg isoflavones/d	41 mg daidzein, 7 mg genistein, 66 mg glycitein	6 months
van der Velpen et al. (2014)⁽⁵³⁾	Isoflavone capsule	Placebo capsule	Low genistein (LG): 100 mg isoflavones (AG)/d; high genistein (HG): 104 mg isoflavones/d	LG: 56 mg daidzein and daidzin, 16 mg genistein and genistin, 28 mg glycitein and glycitin; HG: 51 mg daidzein and daidzin, 43 mg genistein and genistin, 10 mg glycitein and glycitin	16 weeks
van der Velpen et al. (2013)⁽⁵⁴⁾	Isoflavone capsule	Placebo capsule	94 mg isoflavones (AG)/d	56 mg daidzein, 12 mg genistein, 26 mg glycitein	16 weeks
Welty et al. (2007)⁽⁵⁵⁾^*	TLC diet with soya nuts	TLC diet without soya nuts	101 mg isoflavones (AG)/d	30 mg daidzein, 61 mg genistein, 10 mg glycitein	16 weeks
West et al. (2005)⁽⁶⁵⁾	SPI powder	MPI powder	90 mg isoflavones/d	Not reported	12 weeks
Wong et al. (2012)⁽⁶⁶⁾	Soya food with isoflavones (three different diet protocols)	N/A	Low-isoflavone group: 10 mg/d; High-isoflavone group: 73 mg/d	Study 1: not reported; study 2: 28·4 mg daidzein, 29·7 mg genistein, 2·4 mg glycitein, study 3: not reported	4–8 weeks

TLC, therapeutic lifestyle changes; AG, aglycone; SPI, soya protein isolate; WB, whole bean soya; MPI, milk protein isolate; N/A, not applicable.