Table 5.
Randomised clinical trial results reporting the effect of soya isoflavone interventions and equol producer (EP) status on inflammation and DNA damage parameters*
| First author, year | CHD risk factor measured | Effect of isoflavone on CHD risk factors | Result marker† | Effect of EP status on CHD risk factors | Result marker‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acharjee et al. (2015)(27) | CRP, sICAM-1 | Reduction in CRP in women with and without MetS (11·8 %, P = 0·04 and 30 %, P = 0·01, respectively) after the soya intervention compared with placebo. In women with MetS, reduction in sICAM-1 (5·2 %, P = 0·04) compared with placebo, unlike in women without MetS | + | Reduced CRP (21·4 %; P = 0·01) and sICAM-1 (7·3 %, P = 0·03) in EP with MetS compared with placebo after the soya intervention. Reduced CRP (30 %; P = 0·04) in EP without MetS compared with placebo. There were NS effects on NEP with or without MetS in any of these variables | + |
| Clerici et al. (2007)(56) | hsCRP | Reduction in hsCRP (2·2 (sem 0·9) mg/l, P = 0·03) after the soya intervention compared with placebo | + | After the soya intervention, hsCRP decreased 0·9 (sem 0·5) mg/l more in EP than NEP (P = 0·025) | + |
| Pusparini & Hidayat (2015)(45) | MDA | Reduction in MDA after the soya intervention (P = 0·021) | + | After the soya intervention, EP had a greater decline in MDA than NEP | + |
| Törmälä et al. (2008)(50) | P-selectin | P-selectin decreased by 10·3 % (P = 0·002) after the soya intervention compared with placebo | + | EP had a greater decline in P-selectin (13·5 %; P = 0·007) than NEP (7·7 %; NS) after the soya intervention | + |
| Mangano et al. (2013)(42) | IL-6 | The percentage change of IL-6 declined from baseline after the soya intervention compared with placebo (P = 0·007) | + | EP status had a NS effect on percentage change of IL-6 after the soya intervention | 0 |
| Qin et al. (2014)(62) | Uric acid | Reductions in the low and high daidzein isoflavone interventions compared with placebo in uric acid (−23 (sd 47) and −29 (sd 0·44) µmol/l, respectively; P < 0·05) | + | EP status had a NS effect on uric acid after the isoflavone intervention | 0 |
| Greany et al. (2008)(33) | Hcy, CRP, E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 | The soya intervention had a NS effect on the risk factors compared with placebo | 0 | EP status had a NS effect on the risk factors after the soya intervention | 0 |
| Hall et al. (2005)(34) | MCP-1, CRP, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin | The isoflavone intervention had a NS effect on the risk factors compared with placebo | 0 | EP status had a NS effect on the risk factors after the isoflavone intervention | 0 |
| Mangano et al. (2013)(42) | hsCRP | The soya intervention had a NS effect on hsCRP compared with placebo | 0 | EP status had a NS effect on hsCRP after the soya intervention | 0 |
| McVeigh et al. (2006)(67) | CRP | The soya intervention had a NS effect on CRP compared with placebo | 0 | NS interaction with EP status and the soya intervention with CRP | 0 |
| Pop et al. (2008)(44) | Neutrophil count, DNA damage markers (AP-site assay, comet assay), apoptosis markers (TUNEL assay, caspase-3 activation) | The isoflavone intervention had a NS effect on the risk factors compared with placebo | 0 | EP status had a NS effect on the risk factors after the isoflavone intervention. Activated caspase-3 was higher in treated EP on day 1 but decreased through day 84, while it increased in NEP in this time period | 0 |
| Pusparini & Hidayat (2015)(45) | VCAM-1 | The soya intervention had a NS effect on VCAM-1 compared with placebo | 0 | EP status had a NS effect on VCAM-1 after the soya intervention | 0 |
| Reimann et al. (2006)(46) | Hcy, ADMA | The isoflavone intervention had a NS effect on the risk factors compared with placebo | 0 | EP status had a NS effect on the risk factors after the isoflavone intervention | 0 |
| Reverri et al. (2015)(63) | CRP, TNF, IL-6, IL-18, IL-10 | The soya intervention had a NS effect on the risk factors compared with placebo | 0 | EP status had a NS effect on the risk factors after the soya intervention | 0 |
| Steinberg et al. (2003)(48) | VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin | The soya intervention had a NS effect on the risk factors | 0 | EP status had a NS effect on the risk factors after the soya intervention | 0 |
| Törmälä et al. (2008)(50) | CRP, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 | The soya intervention had a NS effect on the risk factors compared with placebo. There was a NS increase in VCAM-1 after the soya intervention compared with placebo (9·2 %; P = 0·06) | 0 | EP status had a NS effect on the risk factors after the soya intervention | 0 |
| West et al. (2005)(65) | VCAM-1, P-selectin | The soya intervention had a NS effect on the risk factors compared with placebo | 0 | EP status had a NS effect on the risk factors after the soya intervention | 0 |
| Wong et al. (2012)(66) | CRP | The soya interventions had a NS effect on CRP compared with placebo | 0 | EP status had a NS effect on CRP after the soya interventions | 0 |
CRP, C-reactive protein; sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NEP, non-equol producer; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MDA, malondialdehyde; P-selectin, platelet selectin; Hcy, homocysteine; E-selectin, endothelial selectin; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; AP-site, apurinic/apyrimidinic site; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine.
Results are first stratified by the impact of EP status and then the impact of the soya isoflavone interventions on each of the lipid risk factors.
+, Beneficial effect of soya isoflavones on risk factors of CHD; 0, negligible effect of soya isoflavones on risk factors of CHD; –, adverse effect of soya isoflavones on risk factors of CHD.
+, Beneficial effect of EP status on risk factors of CHD after soya intervention; 0, negligible effect of EP status on CHD risk factors after soya intervention; –, adverse effect of EP status on risk factors of CHD after soya intervention.