Table 3.
ncRNA regulation by hypoxia and hormone environment.
| ncRNA | Activity | References |
|---|---|---|
| HYPOXIA: HYPOXIA FACTORS REGULATED BY ncRNAs | ||
| miR-17-92 cluster, 107, 20b and 22 | They modulate tumor growth by inhibiting HIF-1α expression in cancer models. | Yamakuchi et al., 2011 |
| miR-519c | Its overexpression reduced HIF-1α levels, followed by tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis suppression. | Cha et al., 2010 |
| miR-138 | Directly targets HIF-1α, reversing HIF-1α-mediated induction of ovarian cancer cell invasion. | Ye et al., 2014 |
| miR-33a | HIF-1α is a direct target in melanoma, where miR-33a has a lower expression and could promote cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. | Zhou et al., 2015 |
| ENST00000480739 | Its down-modulation abolished pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell invasion and metastasis by indirectly targeting HIF-1α. | Sun et al., 2014 |
| HYPOXIA: ncRNAs REGULATED BY HYPOXIA | ||
| miR-210, 193b, 145, 125-3p, 708, and 517a | Induced by hypoxic conditions in bladder cancer. Particularly, miR-145 is a direct target of HIF-1α (it presents 2 hypoxia response elements in its promoter) and its up-regulation contributes to increased apoptosis. | Blick et al., 2015 |
| miR-124 and miR-144 | Hypoxia induced miRNAs, their expression may contribute to a pro-survival mechanism of prostate cancer cells to hypoxia and irradiation. | Gu et al., 2016 |
| Circulating exosomal miR-21 | Its expression level is associated with HIF-1α/HIF-2α expression, T stage, and lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. The hypoxic microenvironment may stimulate tumor cells to generate miR-21-rich exosomes that are delivered to normoxic cells to promote prometastatic behaviors. | Li L. et al., 2016 |
| miR-338-3p | Targeted by HIF-1α in nasopharyngeal cancer, acting in the initiation and progression of the tumor. | Shan et al., 2015 |
| UCA1 | Up-regulated by HIF-1 facilitating proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis resistance in bladder cancer cells. | Xue et al., 2014 |
| lnRNA-LET | Its down-regulated expression was associated with metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). | Yang et al., 2013 |
| lincRNA-p21 | Takes part in a positive feedback loop to stabilize hypoxia-induced HIF-1α expression. lncRNA-p21 excludes the binding of HIF-1α to VHL (an ubiquitin E3 ligase) in prostate cancer. | Yang et al., 2014 |
| AK058003 | Frequently up-regulated in gastric cancer as a hypoxia-induced gene, which promotes migration and invasion in vivo and in vitro. | Wang Y. et al., 2014 |
| lncRNA-NUTF2P3-001 | Over-expressed in pancreatic cancer cells under hypoxia. NUTF2P3-001 regulates KRAS expression through competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) function with miR-3923 contributing to oncogenesis. | Li X. et al., 2016 |
| NEAT1 | In breast cancer cells, hypoxia induces its expression by enhancing the establishment of active histone marks. | Choudhry et al., 2015 |
| HORMONES | ||
| H19, HOTAIR, and MALAT-1 | Inducible lncRNAs of estrogens or estradiol in breast cancer. | Zhao et al., 2014; Sun H. et al., 2015; Bhan and Mandal, 2016 |
| NEAT1 | In estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer showed greater expression compared to the non-positive tumors. | Choudhry et al., 2015 |
| miR-378* | Regulated by Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 and insulin, induce a metabolic shift in breast cancer cells. | Eichner et al., 2010 |
| miR-135b | Direct regulator of androgen receptor levels in prostate cancer. Its expression is lower in ERα-positive breast tumors vs. ERα-negative samples, since ERα is a direct target of the miRNA. miR-135b also inhibits the HIF1α. | Aakula et al., 2015 |
| miR-32, 148a, 99a, 21, and 221 | Showed an enrichment in ChIP-seq data of AR-binding sites in androgen-responsive prostate cancer LNCaP cells. | Jalava et al., 2012 |