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. 2016 Aug 8;11(8):e0160606. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160606

Table 5. Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics among patients with RSV, RV, MPV and PIV-3.

Single RSV infection Single RV infection Single MPV infection Single PIV-3 infections
N = 201 N = 87 p-value N = 17 p-value N = 18 p-value
DEMOGRAPHIC
Median age in months (IQR) 6 (3–10) 8 (4–12) 0.09(1) 11 (8–14) 0.02(1) 9 (6–16) 0.05(1)
Infant (less than 2months), n(%) 15 (7) 5 (6) 2 (12) 2 (11)
Infant (2 to 6months), n(%) 103 (51) 31 (36) 2 (12) 3 (17)
Infant (7 to 11months), n(%) 47 (24) 31 (36) 6 (35) 7 (39)
Infant (12 to 24months), n(%) 36 (18) 20 (23) 7 (41) 6 (33)
Male, n(%) 138 (69) 62 (71) 0.7(2) 12 (71) 0.9(2) 10 (56) 0.3(2)
Median number of household members (IQR) 4 (4–6) 4 (4–6) 0.7(1) 4 (3–5) 0.3(1) 4 (3–6) 0.4(1)
Living with smokers, n (%) 102/196 (52) 51/86 (59) 0.3(2) 5 (29) 0.07(2) 12 (67) 0.2(2)
MEDICAL STORY
Median birth weight (kg) (IQR) 3.9 (2.2–3.3) 2.7 (2.3–3.2) 0.3(1) 3.3 (2.8–3.8) 0.5(1) 3 (2.6–3.4) 0.7(1)
Breastfeeding, n(%) 148/197 (75) 59/86 (69) 0.3(2) 16 (94) 0.07(2) 13 (72) 0.8(2)
Premature birth, n(%) 20/199 (10) 14/85 (16) 0.1(2) 0/16 (0) N.A 1/17 (6) 0.5(2)
Daycare, n (%) 25/197 (13) 10/84 (12) 0.9(2) 2/16 (13) 1.0(2) 5/18 (28) 0.08(2)
Previous hospitalization with respiratory illness, n (%) 22 (11) 23 (26) 0.001(2) 2 (12) 0.9(2) 3 (17) 0.5(2)
Other household members sick at home, n (%) 76/197 (39) 36/85 (42) 0.6(2) 5 (29) 0.5(2) 5 (28) 0.4(2)
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fast breathing, n(%) 166 (83) 75 (86) 0.4(2) 14 (82) 1.0(2) 14 (78) 0.6(2)
Cyanosis, n(%) 6 (3) 3 (4) N.A 0 (0) N.A 0 (0) N.A
Chest indrawings, n(%) 193 (96) 81 (94) 0.3(2) 15 (88) 0.1(2) 15 (83) 0.01(2)
Stridor, n(%) 1 (1) 1 (1) 0.5(2) 0 (0) N.A 0 (0) N.A
Wheezing, n(%) 192 (96) 76 (88) 0.01(2) 16 (94) 0.8(2) 17 (94) 0.8(2)
Fever (>37.5°C), n(%) 112 (56) 50 (57) 0.8(2) 7 (41) 0.2(2) 6 (33) 0.07(2)
Fever (≥ 38.5°C), n(%) 46 (23) 13 (15) 0.1(2) 5 (29) 0.5(2) 2 (11) 0.2(2)
Rash, n(%) 2 (1) 3 (3) 0.1(2) 0 (0) N.A 1 (6) 0.1(2)
Runny nose, n(%) 181 (91) 70 (81) 0.03(2) 15 (88) 0.8(2) 17 (94) 0.5(2)
Low SpO2, n(%) 19/140 (14) 6/60 (10) 0.5(2) 1/14 (7) 0.5(2) 1/17 (6) 0.4(2)
Median of duration of hospitalization (IQR) 6 (5–7) 6 (5–8) 0.02(1) 6 (4–7) 0.9(1) 6 (5–7) 0.9(1)
Duration of hospitalization ≥ 7 days, n(%) 77 (38) 43 (49) 0.08(2) 7 (41) 0.8(2) 7 (39) 1.0(2)
High ALT, n(%) 54 (27) 16 (18) 0.1(2) 2 (12) 0.2(2) 3 (17) 0.3(2)
High AST, n(%) 44 (22) 9 (10) 0.02(2) 4 (23) 0.9(2) 3 (17) 0.6(2)
Median of number of white cells in blood (K/mm3) (IQR) 10 (8–14) 13 (11–17) 0.001(1) 11 (9–13) 0.8(1) 11 (8–17) 0.6(1)
Severe cases, n(%) 36 (18) 22 (25) 0.2(2) 3 (18) 1.0(2) 3 (17) 1.0(2)
Median of clinical score (IQR) 6 (4–7) (n = 186) 5 (4–7) (n = 80) 0.5(1) 5 (4–6) 0.4(1) 4.5 (4–6) 0.02(1)
DIAGNOSIS
Bronchiolitis, n(%) 162 (81) 65 (75) 0.3(2) 10 (59) 0.06(2) 9 (50) 0.005(2)
TREATMENTS
Antimicrobial agents, n(%) 169 (84) 62 (71) 0.01(2) 17 (100) 0.07(2) 17 (94) 0.2(2)
Corticosteroids, n(%) 9 (4) 6 (7) 0.4(2) 1 (6) 0.8(2) 0 (0) N.A
Bronchodilators, n(%) 168 (84) 67 (77) 0.2(2) 9 (52) 0.002(2) 10 (56) 0.004(2)
Supplemental oxygen, n(%) 31 (15) 21 (24) 0.08(2) 2 (12) 0.7(2) 2 (11) 0.6(2)
OUTCOMES
Full recovery, n(%) 119/195 (61) 46/81 (57) 0.5(2) 11 (73) 0.8(2) 11 (65) 0.9(2)
Severe cases, n(%) 36 (18) 22 (25) 0.2(2) 3 (18) 1.0(2) 3 (17) 0.9(2)
Death, n(%) 0 (0) 1(1) N.A 0 (0) N.A 0 (0) N.A

p-values were based on comparison with children having RSV single infections.

(1) Mann-Withney test,

(2) Fisher’s exact test,

N.A: not applicable