Table 1.
Description of the study population.
| Characteristic | All | Munich | Wesel | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent or mean ± SD | n/N | Percent or mean ± SD | n/N | Percent or mean ± SD | n/N | |
| Sex, male | 51 | 427/837 | 52.2 | 242/464 | 49.6 | 185/373 |
| GINIplus observation | 44.6 | 373/837 | 36.6 | 170/464 | 54.4 | 203/373 |
| GINIplus intervention | 41.5 | 347/837 | 42.7 | 198/464 | 39.9 | 149/373 |
| LISAplus | 14.0 | 117/837 | 20.7 | 96/464 | 5.6 | 21/373 |
| Maternal education (years) | ||||||
| ≤ 9 | 9.4 | 79/837 | 8.0 | 37/464 | 11.3 | 42/373 |
| 10 | 40.7 | 341/837 | 32.1 | 149/464 | 51.5 | 192/373 |
| > 10 | 49.5 | 414/837 | 59.5 | 276/464 | 37.0 | 138/373 |
| Missing | 0.4 | 3/837 | 0.4 | 2/464 | 0.3 | 1/373 |
| Paternal education (years) | ||||||
| ≤ 9 | 20.5 | 172/837 | 11.9 | 55/464 | 31.4 | 117/373 |
| 10 | 21.3 | 178/837 | 17.0 | 79/464 | 26.5 | 99/373 |
| > 10 | 57.3 | 480/837 | 69.8 | 324/464 | 41.8 | 156/373 |
| Missing | 0.8 | 7/837 | 1.3 | 6/464 | 0.3 | 1/373 |
| Equivalent net income (Euro/month) | 1,727 ± 770 | 723 | 1,981 ± 799 | 404 | 1,405 ± 593 | 319 |
| Smoking by the adolescent | ||||||
| Never | 89 | 745/837 | 87.7 | 407/464 | 90.6 | 338/373 |
| Sometimes | 2.6 | 22/837 | 2.8 | 13/464 | 2.4 | 9/373 |
| Daily | 3.3 | 28/837 | 4.5 | 21/464 | 1.9 | 7/373 |
| Missing | 5.0 | 42/837 | 5.0 | 23/464 | 5.1 | 19/373 |
| Secondhand smoke at home | ||||||
| Never | 85.2 | 713/837 | 90.1 | 418/464 | 79.1 | 295/373 |
| Sometimes | 5.1 | 43/837 | 2.6 | 12/464 | 8.3 | 31/373 |
| Every day | 6.7 | 56/837 | 4.5 | 21/464 | 9.4 | 35/373 |
| Missing | 3 | 25/837 | 2.8 | 13/464 | 3.2 | 12/373 |
| Socioeconomic scorea | ||||||
| Low (0–6 points) | 31.4 | 263/837 | 23.7 | 110/464 | 41.0 | 153/373 |
| Medium (7–8 points) | 33.2 | 278/837 | 33.0 | 153/464 | 33.5 | 125/373 |
| High (9–10 points) | 35.4 | 296/837 | 43.3 | 201/464 | 25.5 | 95/373 |
| Age (years) | 15.2 ± 0.3 | 837 | 15.3 ± 0.3 | 464 | 15.2 ± 0.3 | 373 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.6 ± 3.1 | 837 | 20.4 ± 3.0 | 464 | 21.0 ± 3.2 | 373 |
| Pubertal scale | ||||||
| Pre-/early/mid-pubertal | 17.0 | 142/837 | 18.1 | 84/464 | 15.5 | 58/373 |
| Late or postpubertal | 64.3 | 538/837 | 65.5 | 304/464 | 62.7 | 234/373 |
| Missing | 18.8 | 157/837 | 16.4 | 76/464 | 21.7 | 81/373 |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Low | 28.2 | 236/837 | 33.0 | 153/464 | 22.3 | 83/373 |
| Medium | 28.8 | 241/837 | 27.2 | 126/464 | 30.8 | 115/373 |
| High | 23.9 | 200/837 | 19.0 | 88/464 | 30.0 | 112/373 |
| Missing | 19.1 | 160/837 | 20.9 | 97/464 | 16.9 | 63/373 |
| Time spent outside in summer (hr/day) | ||||||
| 0–2 | 24.3 | 203/837 | 32.1 | 149/464 | 14.5 | 54/373 |
| 2.5–4 | 44.2 | 370/837 | 44.2 | 205/464 | 44.2 | 165/373 |
| 4.5–6 | 22.6 | 189/837 | 16.4 | 76/464 | 30.3 | 113/373 |
| > 6 | 5.5 | 46/837 | 4.3 | 20/464 | 7.0 | 26/373 |
| Missing | 3.5 | 29/837 | 3.0 | 14/464 | 4.0 | 15/373 |
| HOMA-IR [GM (GSD)]b | 1.2 (1.6) | 837 | 1.2 (1.6) | 464 | 1.2 (1.6) | 373 |
| Covariates obtained at baseline: sex, study, parental education, all other covariates obtained at 15-year follow-up. aBuilt from maternal and paternal education level, income, secondhand tobacco smoke in the home. bGeometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). | ||||||