. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: NMR Biomed. 2016 Feb 8;30(4):10.1002/nbm.3489. doi: 10.1002/nbm.3489

Table 1.

Group demographics and clinical status

	Controls	EPD	LPD	p values
No. (male/female)	40 (19/21)	45 (21/24)	15 (10/5)	0.374
Age in years, mean ± SD	56.6 ± 9.9	55.8 ± 8.3	61.1 ± 6.7	0.130
Disease duration in years, mean ± SD	–	4.6 ± 3.7	6.7 ± 4.7	0.078
Hoehn-Yahr stages, mean ± SD	–	2.0 ± 0.6	3.2 ± 0.4	<0.001
UPDRS III scores, mean ± SD	–	22.8 ± 11.7	44.5 ± 13.1	<0.001
MMSE scores, mean ± SD	–	28.24 ± 1.8	27.7 ± 2.0	0.578
Medication (yes/no)	–	30/15	9/6	0.639

Abbreviations: EPD = early-stage Parkinson’s disease; LPD = late-stage Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS = Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination.