Table 3.
Unadjusted (crude) and adjusted rates of parent-reported adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among American Indian/Alaska Native children compared to non-Hispanic white children: National Survey of Children's Health 2011-2012.
| Adverse childhood experiences | Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native | Non-Hispanic White | P value for unadjusted prevalence rate difference∗ | Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native | Non-Hispanic White | P value for adjusted prevalence rate difference∗∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted prevalence | Unadjusted prevalence | Adjusted prevalence | Adjusted prevalence | |||
| % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | |||
| Child's family has difficulty getting by on the family's income, hard to cover basics like food or housing | 35.7 (2.99) | 22.8 (0.38) | >0.0001 | 18.3 (3.52) | 21.9 (0.62) | 0.313 |
| Child lived with parent who got divorced/separated after he/she was born | 33.0 (2.85) | 21.4 (0.37) | 0.0001 | 20.1 (3.01) | 21.2 (0.57) | 0.719 |
| Child lived with anyone who had a problem with alcohol or drugs | 23.6 (2.65) | 11.6 (0.29) | >0.0001 | 8.1 (2.33) | 10.0 (0.46) | 0.424 |
| Child lived with parent who served time in jail after he/she was born | 18.0 (2.60) | 6.0 (0.21) | >0.0001 | 7.5 (3.64) | 5.4 (0.37) | 0.569 |
| Child was a victim of violence or witnessed violence in his/her neighborhood | 15.9 (2.39) | 6.7 (0.21) | 0.0001 | 9.2 (2.69) | 5.4 (0.35) | 0.162 |
| Child saw parents hit, kick, slap, punch, or beat each other up | 15.5 (2.58) | 6.3 (0.22) | 0.0004 | 8.6 (2.43) | 5.7 (0.38) | 0.238 |
| Child lived with anyone who was mentally ill or suicidal or severely depressed for more than a couple of weeks | 13.2 (2.26) | 9.7 (0.26) | 0.124 | 5.7 (2.10) | 8.7 (0.45) | 0.162 |
| Child was ever treated or judged unfairly because of his/her race or ethnic group | 10.0 (1.45) | 1.4 (0.10) | >0.0001 | 5.2 (2.07) | 0.9 (0.14) | 0.039 |
| Child lived with parent who died | 4.2 (0.73) | 2.5 (0.14) | 0.022 | 1.4 (0.59) | 2.2 (0.19) | 0.197 |
| Number of ACEs among participating children, of 9 asked about | ||||||
| 0 | 35.2 (2.66) | 55.7 (0.43) | >0.0001 | 56.2 (5.11) | 58.1 (0.64) | 0.711 |
| 1 | 24.5 (2.60) | 23.3 (0.38) | 0.646 | 43.8 (5.11) | 41.9 (0.64) | 0.711 |
| ≥2 | 40.3 (2.87) | 21.0 (0.36) | >0.0001 | 22.0 (4.11) | 19.0 (0.57) | 0.472 |
| ≥3 | 26.8 (2.72) | 11.5 (0.29) | >0.0001 | 12.9 (2.37) | 10.3 (0.48) | 0.280 |
| ≥4 | 16.8 (2.55) | 6.2 (0.22) | >0.0001 | 3.6 (1.30) | 5.4 (0.38) | 0.184 |
| ≥5 | 9.9 (2.18) | 3.3 (0.16) | 0.003 | 2.3 (0.97) | 2.7 (0.28) | 0.689 |
∗Probability for comparison of American Indian/Alaska Native compared to non-Hispanic White children unadjusted (crude) ACE prevalence rates based on the Z test for the comparison of two proportions.
∗∗Probability for comparison of American Indian/Alaska Native compared to non-Hispanic White children adjusted ACE rates based on the Z test for the comparison of two proportions. Rates were adjusted for birth weight, prematurity, sex, age, special needs status, poverty, family structure, mother's age, highest household educational level, type of insurance coverage, medical home access, neighborhood support, region, and metropolitan status.