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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016 Aug;117(2):108–114. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.04.022

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Figure 2

Figure 2

Airway epithelial cell contribution to type 2 inflammation in asthma. Figure 2a. Epithelial cell derived IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP drive differentiation of Th2 effector cells via either direct influence on naïve T cells (IL-25 and IL-33) or influencing the function of antigen-presenting DCs (TSLP). Figure 2b. Once expressed, these cytokines do not require T effector lymphocytes to produce this type 2 cytokine milieu and can drive IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 secretion from ILC2s and eosinophils. Figure 2c. Other cytokines and chemokines produced by these epigenetically-modified epithelial cells drive eosinophil recruitment and activation, again without the need for allergen-dependent Th2 lymphocytes.