Table 3.
Distribution of patient variables across the three main MTBC lineages in Ghana
| Risk factor | MAF Lineage 5 (N = 152) | MAF Lineage 6 (N = 112) | MTB (Lineages 1–4) (N = 940) | OR (95 % CI) (Lineage 5 vs. 1–4) | adjOR (95 % CI)a (Lineage 5 vs 1–4) | OR (95 % CI) (Lineage 6 vs 1–4) | adjOR (95 % CI)a (Lineage 6 vs 1–4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (% | N (% | N (% | |||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 96 (63.2) | 73 (65.2) | 662 (70.6) | 1.3 (0.97–1.98) | |||
| Female | 56 (36.8) | 39 (34.8) | 278 (29.4) | ||||
| Age category | |||||||
| yr 08–25 | 28 (18.0) | 17 (15.2) | 181 (19.4) | 1.42 (0.82–2.64) | |||
| yr 26–40 | 62 (41.0) | 49 (43.8) | 383 (40.6) | 0.96 (0.4–1.96) | |||
| yr 41–77 | 62 (41.0) | 46 (41.0) | 376 (40.0) | 1.06 (0.59–1.91) | |||
| Residency | |||||||
| North | 8 (5.3) | 8 (7.1) | 82 (9.0) | 0.58 (0.27–1.22) | |||
| South | 144 (94.7) | 104 (92.2) | 858 (91.0) | ref | |||
| Occupation | |||||||
| Skilled | 35 (23.0) | 24 (21.4) | 171 (27.2) | 0.9 (0.81–1.0) | |||
| Unskilled | 117 (77.0) | 88 (78.6) | 769 (72.8) | ref | |||
| Income (GHC) | |||||||
| None | 65 (42.7) | 43 (38.4) | 260 (47.3) | 0.8 (0.62–0.98)* | |||
| <100 | 32 (21.1) | 16 (14.3) | 136 (14.5) | 0.91 (0.76–1.0) | |||
| 100–500 | 51 (33.5) | 45 (40.2) | 408 (32.3) | ref | |||
| >500 | 4 (2.6) | 8 (7.1) | 58 (5.9) | 1.3 (0.97–1.98) | |||
| Smear positivity | |||||||
| Scanty 1–9 | 2 (1.3) | 0 | 80 (9.2) | 0.6 (0.45–0.72)* | |||
| +1 | 34 (22.6) | 18 (16.1) | 199 (22.8) | 0.78 (0.65–1.80) | |||
| +2 | 37 (24.3) | 28 (25.0) | 213 (24.6) | 0.98 (0.42–1.84) | |||
| +3 | 79 (52.0) | 66 (58.9) | 352 (40.4) | ref | |||
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Akan | 39 (25.7) | 78 (69.7) | 482 (51.4) | ref | |||
| Ewe | 58 (38.2) | 10 (8.9) | 116 (12.6) | 3.0 (1.5–4.70) | 2.79 (1.47–5.29)** | ||
| Ga | 47 (30.9) | 11 (9.8) | 221 (22.6) | 0.85 (0.43–1.69) | |||
| Other | 8 (5.3) | 13 (11.6) | 118 (13.3) | 1.64 (0.53–5.34) | |||
| HIV status | |||||||
| Positive | 28 (29.5) | 29 (34.9) | 96 (18.5) | 2.4 (1.4–3.90)* | 2.2 (1.32–3.70)* | ||
| Education | |||||||
| No Education | 50 (32.9) | 40 (35.7) | 231 (26.5) | 0.83 (0.75–1.0) | |||
| Primary | 21 (13.8) | 15 (13.4) | 91 (10.4) | 0.72 (0.65–1.11) | |||
| Secondary | 70 (46.1) | 47 (42.0) | 477 (54.8) | 0.96 (0.83–1.30) | |||
| Tertiary | 11 (7.2) | 10 (8.9) | 72 (8.3) | ||||
| BCG Scar | |||||||
| Present | 64 (42.1) | 46 (41.1) | 430 (41.4) | 1.1 (0.69–1.7) | |||
| Smoking | |||||||
| Yes | 25 (16.4) | 28 (25.0) | 248 (20.6) | 0.6 (0.7–1.8) | |||
aAll variables with an OR above 1.5 or below 2/3 were included in the multivariable model, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, MAF = Mycobacterium africanum
MTB mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto