Table 1.
Basic characteristics of needle-sharing behaviors among PWID in Yunnan, China
| Total | Those who shared needles | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n(%) | n(%) | OR (95 % CI) | P-valuea | OR (95 % CI) | P - value | |
| Place of residence | 7.7E−25 | 1.9E−10 | ||||
| Baoshan | 340(32.4) | 51(15.0) | Refb | Ref | ||
| Zhaotong | 381(36.3) | 157(41.2) | 4.0(2.8–5.7) | 6.9E−14 | 3.6(2.4–5.7) | 3.8E−09 |
| Qujing | 112(10.7) | 56(50.0) | 5.7(3.5–9.1) | 8.4E−13 | 5.9(3.4–10.3) | 2.7E−10 |
| Dehong | 140(13.3) | 74(52.9) | 6.4(4.1–9.9) | 4.3E−16 | 3.0(1.7–5.2) | 1.2E−04 |
| Lincang | 76(7.2) | 55(72.4) | 14.8(8.3–26.6) | 1.5E−19 | 4.9(2.3–10.1) | 2.5E−05 |
| Gender | 5.4E−01 | |||||
| Male | 1 018(97.0) | 383(37.6) | Ref | |||
| Female | 31(3.0) | 10(32.3) | 0.8(0.4–1.7) | |||
| Age | 3.5E−01 | |||||
| 13–25 | 200(19.1) | 71(35.5) | Ref | |||
| 26–30 | 321(30.6) | 116(36.1) | 1.0(0.7–1.5) | 8.8E−01 | ||
| 31–35 | 284(27.1) | 119(41.9) | 1.3(0.9–1.9) | 1.6E−01 | ||
| 36–68 | 244(23.3) | 87(35.7) | 1.0(0.7–1.5) | 9.7E−01 | ||
| Ethnicity | 3.1E−03 | |||||
| Han | 852(81.2) | 301(35.3) | Ref | |||
| Minorityc | 197(18.8) | 92(46.7) | 1.6(1.2–2.2) | |||
| Occupation | 1.6E−02 | |||||
| Various jobsd | 226(21.5) | 67(29.6) | Ref | |||
| Farmer | 362(34.5) | 137(37.8) | 1.4(1.0–2.1) | 4.3E−02 | ||
| Jobless | 461(43.9) | 189(41.0) | 1.6(1.2–2.3) | 4.0E−03 | ||
| Marital status | 2.3E−01 | |||||
| Unmarried | 485(46.2) | 197(40.6) | Ref | |||
| Married | 387(36.9) | 131(33.9) | 0.7(0.6–1.0) | 4.1E−02 | ||
| Cohabitated | 62(5.9) | 22(35.5) | 0.8(0.5–1.4) | 4.4E−01 | ||
| Divorced or widowed | 115(11.0) | 43(37.4) | 0.9(0.6–1.3) | 5.3E−01 | ||
| Education | 8.9E−04 | |||||
| None | 67(6.4) | 38(56.7) | Ref | |||
| 1–5 years | 348(33.2) | 143(41.1) | 0.5(0.3–0.9) | 1.9E−02 | ||
| 6–9 years | 488(46.5) | 165(33.8) | 0.4(0.2–0.7) | 3.7E−04 | ||
| > 10 years | 146(13.9) | 47(32.2) | 0.4(0.2–0.7) | 8.3E−04 | ||
| Drug of choice | 6.4E−01 | |||||
| Heroin | 1 010(96.3) | 377(37.3) | Ref | |||
| Heroin + otherse | 39(3.7) | 16(41.0) | 1.2(0.6–2.2) | |||
| Other drug use | 5.9E−12 | 2.1E−04 | ||||
| No | 221(21.1) | 46(20.8) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Diazepam | 450(42.9) | 168(37.3) | 2.3(1.6–3.3) | 2.1E−05 | 1.6(1.0–2.6) | 4.1E−02 |
| Diazepam + othersf | 325(31.0) | 167(51.4) | 4.0(2.7–5.9) | 3.0E−12 | 2.7(1.6–4.3) | 1.0E−04 |
| Otherf | 53(5.1) | 12(22.6) | 1.1(0.5–2.3) | 7.7E−01 | 0.9(0.4–2.2) | 8.0E−01 |
| Method of drug intake | 3.2E−02 | |||||
| Injection | 496(47.3) | 169(34.1) | Ref | |||
| Injection + oral | 553(52.7) | 224(40.5) | 1.3(1.0–1.7) | |||
| Duration of drug abuse | 2.4E−07 | |||||
| < 5 years | 324(30.9) | 85(26.2) | Ref | |||
| 6–10 years | 281(26.8) | 102(36.3) | 1.6(1.1–2.3) | 7.7E−03 | ||
| 11–15 years | 281(26.8) | 124(44.1) | 2.2(1.6–3.1) | 4.7E−06 | ||
| 16–20 years | 163(15.5) | 82(50.3) | 2.8(1.9–4.2) | 2.0E−07 | ||
| Drug use frequency (per day) | 8.3E−05 | |||||
| < 1 | 99(9.4) | 17(17.2) | Ref | |||
| 2 | 334(31.8) | 118(35.3) | 2.6(1.5–4.7) | 8.4E−04 | ||
| 3 | 390(37.2) | 164(42.1) | 3.5(2.0–6.1) | 1.1E−05 | ||
| > 4 | 226(21.5) | 94(41.6) | 3.4(1.9–6.2) | 3.6E−05 | ||
| Most recent drug use | 3.0E−02 | |||||
| < 1 year | 624(59.5) | 225(36.1) | Ref | |||
| 1 year | 336(32.0) | 123(36.6) | 1.0(0.8–1.3) | 8.7E−01 | ||
| > 2 years | 89(8.5) | 45(50.6) | 1.8(1.2–2.8) | 9.0E−03 | ||
| Duration of drug use (injection) | 7.7E−13 | 5.3E−04 | ||||
| < 5 years | 499(47.6) | 129(25.9) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 6–10 years | 464(44.2) | 216(46.6) | 2.5(1.9–3.3) | 3.5E−11 | 1.7(1.2–2.4) | 1.2E−03 |
| > 11 years | 86(8.2) | 48(55.8) | 3.6(2.3–5.8) | 8.2E−08 | 2.6(1.4–4.8) | 2.0E−03 |
| Source of syringe | 8.8E−06 | |||||
| Clinic | 145(13.8) | 26(17.9) | Ref | |||
| Hospital | 123(11.7) | 51(41.5) | 3.2(1.9–5.7) | 3.3E−05 | ||
| Drugstore | 692(66.0) | 276(39.9) | 3.0(1.9–4.8) | 1.4E−06 | ||
| Otherg | 89(8.5) | 40(44.9) | 3.7(2.1–6.8) | 1.4E−05 | ||
| Average reuse times per needle | 1.6E−23 | 5.0E−14 | ||||
| 1 | 638(60.8) | 164(25.7) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2 | 277(26.4) | 134(48.4) | 2.7(2.0–3.6) | 3.6E−11 | 2.3(1.6–3.2) | 3.3E−06 |
| > 3 | 134(12.8) | 95(70.9) | 7.0(4.7–10.6) | 2.0E−20 | 6.1(3.8–10.0) | 2.1E−13 |
| Number of sexual partners | 2.1E−01 | |||||
| None | 121(11.5) | 45(37.2) | Ref | |||
| 1 | 312(29.7) | 103(33.0) | 0.8(0.5–1.3) | 4.1E−01 | ||
| 2–3 | 285(27.2) | 110(38.6) | 1.1(0.7–1.6) | 7.9E−01 | ||
| 4–6 | 152(14.5) | 56(36.8) | 1.0(0.6–1.6) | 9.5E−01 | ||
| 7–10 | 59(5.6) | 23(39.0) | 1.1(0.6–2.0) | 8.2E−01 | ||
| > 11 | 120(11.4) | 56(46.7) | 1.5(0.9–2.5) | 1.4E−01 | ||
| STD diagnosis | 7.6E−07 | |||||
| No | 867(82.7) | 295(34.0) | Ref | |||
| Yes | 182(17.3) | 98(53.8) | 2.3(1.6–3.1) | |||
| HIV serostatus | 9.9E−24 | 1.3E−06 | ||||
| Negative | 853(81.3) | 254(29.8) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Positive | 196(18.7) | 139(70.9) | 5.8(4.1–8.1) | 3.1(2.0–4.9) | ||
| Diagnosis of other infectious diseaseh | 3.3E−12 | 1.3E−04 | ||||
| No | 718(68.4) | 219(30.5) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 160(15.3) | 97(60.6) | 3.5(2.5–5.0) | 4.1E−12 | 2.5(1.6–3.8) | 2.6E−05 |
| Unknown | 171(16.3) | 77(45.0) | 1.9(1.3–2.6) | 3.3E−4 | 1.3(0.9–2.0) | 1.8E−01 |
aUsing scientific notation
bReference
cAchang, Bai, Zang, Dai, De'ang, Hui, Jingpo, Lisu, Man, Mian, Miao, Tujia, Yi, Zhuang
dCook, electrician, barker, waiter, government staff, businessman, nurse, worker, chauffeur, builder, hotel manager, miner, carpenter, repairman, salesman, doctor
eKetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, opium, ephedrine, marijuana
fPethidine hydrochloride, triazolam, methadone
gNeedle exchange programs, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, store, friends
hHepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, tuberculosis, malaria