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. 2016 Aug 8;14:42. doi: 10.1186/s12958-016-0177-6

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Microphotographs illustrating morphologically normal sperm and various sperm defects. 1 – Normal morphology; 2 –Bent neck; 3 – Headless tail; 4 – Detached head; 5 – Cytoplasmic droplet; 6 – Pairing phenomenon (Giemsa stain; original magnification × 400)