Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the study population (n = 377)
| Characteristics | Mean ± SD |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 73.0 ± 10.1 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 371 (98.4 %) |
| BMI, (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 3.0 |
| Smoking history | |
| Never smoker, n (%) | 22 (6.0 %) |
| Ex-smoker, n (%) | 232 (63.0 %) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 114 (31 %) |
| FEV1, L | 1.4 ± 0.5 |
| FEV1, predicted % | 59.8 ± 23.0 |
| Exacerbation in previous year, times | 0.6 ± 1.2 |
| Comorbidities | |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 157 (41.6 %) |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 35 (9.3 %) |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 15 (4.0 %) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 129 (34.2 %) |
| Arrhythmia, n (%) | 19 (5.0 %) |
| Depression, n (%) | 10 (2.7 %) |
| Maintenance inhaler | |
| LABA, n (%) | 18 (4.8 %) |
| LAMA, n (%) | 87 (23.1 %) |
| LABA/LAMA, n (%) | 21 (5.6 %) |
| LABA/ICS, n (%) | 72 (19.1 %) |
| LAMA/ICS, n (%) | 3 (0.8 %) |
| LABA/LAMA/ICS, n (%) | 90 (23.9 %) |
| No maintenance inhaler, n (%) | 86 (22.8 %) |
| GOLD classification | |
| Group A, n (%) | 60 (15.9 %) |
| Group B, n (%) | 150 (39.8 %) |
| Group C, n (%) | 34 (9.0 %) |
| Group D, n (%) | 133 (35.3 %) |
| PSQI score | |
| PSQI >5, n (%) | 200 (53.1 %) |
| PSQI≦5, n (%) | 177 (46.9 %) |
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, FEV 1 forced expiratory volume in the first second, FVC forced vital capacity, ICS inhaled corticosteroids, LABA long-acting beta agonists, LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonist, PSQI Pittsburgh sleep quality index