Effects of Gfh factors on transcription elongation. (A) Scheme of the DNA template and outline of the experiment. The λ phage PR promoter, 26-nt C-less region, and 500-nt run-off RNA (RO) are indicated. The reactions were performed with 10 mM Mg2+ or Mn2+ at pH 7.9 and stopped after 15 and 30 s and 1, 2, 4, and 10 min. (B) Kinetics of full-length RNA synthesis by Dra RNAP; Gfh factors were added to 5 μM. (C) Effects of Tth Gfh1 on RNA synthesis by Tth RNAP.