Table 3. The number of saguaros established under small shrubs, in the grass, or in the open (cover class C3) increased during the time of no catastrophic freezes after December 1978.

Cover Class	Established Before December 1978	Established After December 1978
C1: Paloverde and mesquite	292	191
C2: Small trees and large shrubs	57	80
C3: Small shrubs, grass, or in open	65	140
Total	415	410

Note: Tabular values include only those saguaros that germinated during the regeneration episode (1959–1993). The observed values are different from the expected values based on the chi-square test (p < 0.001).