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. 2016 Jun 8;29(3):695–747. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00102-15

TABLE 2.

Summary of 90 approved antiviral drugs in 13 drug groupsf

Drug group Drug name Abbreviationc Brand name(s)d Approved clinical use(s) Mechanism(s) of drug action Approval datee
5-substituted 2′-deoxyuridine analogues Idoxuridine IDU Dendrid HSV-1 Substitutes for thymidine and targets HSV DNA polymerase to inhibit viral DNA synthesis June 1963
Trifluridine TFT Viroptic HSV Inhibits HSV DNA replication Apr. 1980
Brivudine BVDU Zostex (Europe) HSV-1, VZV Brivudine triphosphate targets VZV DNA polymerase to inhibit viral DNA synthesis 2000
Nucleoside analogues Vidarabinea VDR Vira-A HSV, VZV Vidarabine triphosphate competes with dATP to inhibit the activity of viral DNA polymerase Nov. 1976
Entecavir ETV Baraclude HBV Inhibits the activity of HBV DNA polymerase Mar. 2005
Telbivudine LdT Tyzeka HBV Inhibits the activity of HBV DNA polymerase Oct. 2006
Pyrophosphate analogues Foscarnet PFA Foscavir HCMV, HSV (acyclovir resistant) Inhibits the activity of viral DNA polymerase Sept. 1991
NRTIs Zidovudine AZT Retrovir HIV Targets HIV RT and competes with dTTP to inhibit DNA synthesis Mar. 1987
Didanosine ddI Videx HIV Targets HIV RT and competes with dATP to inhibit DNA synthesis Oct. 1991
Zalcitabinea ddC Hivid HIV Targets HIV RT and competes with dCTP to inhibit DNA synthesis June 1992
Stavudine d4T Zerit HIV Targets HIV RT and competes with dTTP to inhibit DNA synthesis June 1994
Lamivudine 3TC Epivir HIV, HBV Targets viral polymerase and competes with dCTP to inhibit DNA synthesis Nov. 1995
Lamivudine + zidovudine 3TC+AZT Combivir HIV Twice-daily, fixed-dose, single-tablet drug used to inhibit the activity of HIV RT Sept. 1997
Abacavir ABC Ziagen HIV Targets HIV RT and competes with dGTP to inhibit DNA synthesis Dec. 1998
Abacavir + lamivudine + zidovudine ABC+3TC+AZT Trizivir HIV Twice-daily, fixed-dose, single-tablet drug of abacavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine used to inhibit the activity of HIV RT Nov. 2000
Emtricitabine (−)FTC Emtriva HIV Targets HIV RT and competes with dCTP to inhibit DNA synthesis July 2003
NNRTIs Nevirapine NVP Viramune HIV-1 Binds directly to HIV RT and inhibits DNA synthesis June 1996
Delavirdinea DLV Rescriptor HIV-1 Binds directly to HIV RT and inhibits DNA synthesis Apr. 1997
Efavirenz EFV Sustiva HIV-1 Binds directly to HIV RT and inhibits DNA synthesis Sept. 1998
Etravirine ETR Intelence HIV-1 Binds directly to HIV RT and inhibits DNA synthesis Jan. 2008
Rilpivirine RPV Edurant HIV-1 Binds directly to HIV RT and inhibits DNA synthesis Aug. 2011
Protease inhibitors Saquinavir SQV Invirase HIV Blocks the active site of HIV protease to prevent cleavage of viral precursor proteins Dec. 1995
Ritonavir RTV Norvir HIV Blocks the active site of HIV protease to prevent cleavage of viral precursor proteins Mar. 1996
Indinavir IDV Crixivan HIV Blocks the active site of HIV protease to prevent cleavage of viral precursor proteins Mar. 1996
Nelfinavir NFV Viracept HIV Blocks the active site of HIV protease to prevent cleavage of viral precursor proteins Mar. 1997
Amprenavira APV Agenerase HIV-1 Blocks the active site of HIV protease to prevent cleavage of viral precursor proteins Apr. 1999
Lopinavir-ritonavir LPV/r Kaletra HIV Blocks the active site of HIV protease to prevent cleavage of viral precursor proteins Sept. 2000
Atazanavir ATV Reyataz HIV Blocks the active site of HIV protease to prevent cleavage of viral precursor proteins June 2003
Fosamprenavir FPV Lexia HIV-1 Blocks the active site of HIV protease to prevent cleavage of viral precursor proteins Oct. 2003
Tipranavir TPV Aptivus HIV-1 Blocks the active site of HIV protease to prevent cleavage of viral precursor proteins June 2005
Darunavir DRV Prezista HIV Blocks the active site of HIV protease to prevent cleavage of viral precursor proteins June 2006
Darunavir + cobicistat DRV+COBI Prezcobix HIV HIV protease inhibitors can be combined with cobicistat to inhibit the activity of HIV protease Jan. 2015
Atazanavir + cobicistat ATV+COBI Evotaz HIV Jan. 2015
Telaprevira TVR Incivek HCV genotype 1 HCV protease drugs can inhibit the proteolytic activity of HCV NS3/4A protease; ribavirin and PegIFNα can interfere with HCV replication May 2011
Boceprevira BOC Victrelis HCV genotype 1 May 2011
Simeprevir SMV Olysio HCV genotype 1 Nov. 2013
Asunaprevirb ASV Sunvepra (Japan) HCV genotype 1 July 2014
Vaniprevir + ribavirin + PegIFNα-2b VPV+RBV+PegIF-α2b Vanihep (Japan) HCV genotype 1 Sept. 2014
Paritaprevirb PTV Viekira Pak HCV genotype 1 Dec. 2014
Technivie HCV genotype 4 July 2015
Grazoprevirb GZR Zepatier HCV genotype 1 or 4 Jan. 2016
Integrase inhibitors Raltegravir RAL Isentress HIV Targets HIV integrase to inhibit the integration of viral DNA into human chromosomes Oct. 2007
Elvitegravir EVG Vitekta HIV Targets HIV integrase to inhibit the integration of viral DNA into human chromosomes Aug. 2012
Dolutegravir DTG Tivicay HIV Targets HIV integrase to inhibit the integration of viral DNA into human chromosomes Aug. 2013
Dolutegravir + abacavir + lamivudine DTG+ABC+3TC Triumeq HIV Fixed-dose combinations with dolutegravir and NRTIs can target HIV integrase and RT to interrupt viral replication Aug. 2014
Dolutegravir + lamivudine DTG+3TC Dutrebis HIV Feb. 2015
Entry inhibitors RSV-IGIVa RSV-IGIV RespiGam RSV RSV-neutralizing antibodies may prevent binding of RSV surface glycoproteins F and G Jan. 1996
Palivizumab PZ Synagis RSV Monoclonal antibody that targets the antigenic site of RSV glycoprotein F June 1998
Docosanol C22 Abreva HSV May interfere with binding of viral envelope proteins to cell membrane receptors July 2000
Enfuvirtide EFV Fuzeon HIV-1 Blocks HIV GP41 fusion to cell membrane Mar. 2003
Maraviroc MVC Selzentry HIV Blocks GP120-CCR5 interaction to inhibit HIV entry Aug. 2007
VZIGa VZIG VZIG VZV IgG antibodies protect patients from VZV infection Feb. 1981
VariZIG VariZIG VariZIG VZV IgG antibodies protect patients from VZV infection Dec. 2012
Acyclic guanosine analogues Acyclovir ACV Zovirax HSV, VZV Acyclovir triphosphate competes with dGTP to inhibit viral DNA polymerase activity Mar. 1982
Ganciclovir GCV Zirgan, Vitrasert HCMV Ganciclovir triphosphate targets HCMV DNA polymerase to inhibit viral DNA synthesis June 1989
Famciclovir FCV Famvir HSV, VZV Famciclovir triphosphate competes with dGTP to inhibit the activity of viral DNA polymerase June 1994
Valacyclovir VACV Valtrex HSV, VZV Valacyclovir triphosphate competes with dGTP to inhibit the activity of viral DNA polymerase June 1995
Penciclovir PCV Denavir HSV Penciclovir triphosphate targets HSV DNA polymerase to inhibit viral DNA synthesis Sept. 1996
Valganciclovir VGCV Valcyte HCMV Valganciclovir triphosphate competes with dGTP to inhibit the activity of viral DNA polymerase Mar. 2001
Acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues Cidofovir CDV Vistide HCMV retinitis (AIDS patients) Inhibits the activity of HCMV DNA polymerase June 1996
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate TDF Viread HIV, HBV Competes with dATP to inhibit the activity of HIV RT and HBV DNA polymerase Oct. 2001
Adefovir dipivoxil ADV Hepsera HBV Adefovir diphosphate competes with dATP to inhibit the activity of HBV DNA polymerase Sept. 2002
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + emtricitabine TDF+(−)FTC Truvada HIV Truvada is a once-daily fixed-dose single tablet containing 2 drugs to inhibit HIV replication Aug. 2004
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + efavirenz + emtricitabine TDF+EFV+(−)FTC Atripla HIV Atripla is a once-daily fixed-dose single tablet containing 3 drugs to inhibit HIV replication July 2006
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + rilpivirine + emtricitabine TDF+RPV+(−)FTC Complera, Eviplera HIV Complera is a once-daily fixed-dose single tablet containing 3 drugs to inhibit HIV replication Aug. 2011
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + cobicistat + emtricitabine + elvitegravir TDF+COBI+(−)FTC+EVG Stribild HIV Stribild is a once-daily fixed-dose single tablet containing 4 drugs to inhibit HIV replication Aug. 2012
Tenofovir alafenamide + cobicistat + emtricitabine + elvitegravir TAF+COBI+(−)FTC+EVG Genvoya HIV Genvoya is a once-daily fixed-dose single tablet containing 4 drugs to inhibit HIV replication Nov. 2015
Tenofovir alafenamide + rilpivirine + emtricitabine TAF+RPV+(−)FTC Odefsey HIV Odefsey is a once-daily fixed-dose single tablet containing 3 drugs to inhibit HIV replication Mar. 2016
Tenofovir alafenamide + emtricitabine TAF+(−)FTC Descovy HIV Descovy is a once-daily fixed-dose single tablet containing 2 drugs to inhibit HIV replication Apr. 2016
HCV NS5A and NS5B inhibitors Sofosbuvir + ribavirin SOF+RBV Sovaldi HCV genotype 2 or 3 Sofosbuvir binds to Mg2+ ions in NS5B polymerase and inhibits HCV replication; ribavirin and PegIFNα can interfere with HCV replication Dec. 2013
Sofosbuvir + ribavirin + PegIFNα SOF+RBV+PegIFNα Sovaldi HCV genotype 1 or 4 Dec. 2013
Daclatasvir + asunaprevir DCV+ASV Daklinza + Sunvepra (Japan) HCV genotype 1 Targets NS5A and NS3/4A protease to prevent HCV replication July 2014
Ledipasvir + sofosbuvir LDV+SOF Harvoni HCV genotype 1 Harvoni inhibits HCV NS5A and NS5B polymerase to prevent RNA replication Oct. 2014
Sofosbuvir+ simeprevir SOF+SMV Sovaldi + Olysio HCV genotype 1 Sofosbuvir and simeprevir target HCV NS5B and NS3/4 protease, respectively Nov. 2014
Ombitasvir + dasabuvir + paritaprevir + ritonavir OBV+DAS+PTV+RTV Viekira Pak HCV genotype 1 Viekira Pak is a multiclass combination drug approved for treatment of HCV genotype 1 infection; inhibits activities of HCV NS5A, NS5B polymerase, and NS3/4A protease Dec. 2014
Ombitasvir + paritaprevir + ritonavir OBV+PTV+RTV Technivie HCV genotype 4 Technivie is used with ribavirin to treat HCV genotype 4 infection; inhibits HCV NS5A and NS3/4A protease July 2015
Daclatasvir + sofosbuvir DCV+SOF Daklinza + Sovaldi HCV genotype 3 Inhibits activities of HCV NS5A and NS5B polymerase July 2015
Elbasvir + grazoprevir EBR+GZR Zepatier HCV genotype 1 or 4 Elbasvir and grazoprevir inhibit activities of NS5A and NS3/4A protease, respectively Jan. 2016
Influenza virus inhibitors Amantadinea AMT Symmetrel Influenza virus A Targets viral matrix protein 2 to inhibit viral uncoating Oct. 1966
Ribavirin RBV Copegus, Rebetol, Virazole HCV, RSV, hemorrhagic fever Ribavirin triphosphate targets viral RNA polymerase to inhibit mRNA synthesis Dec. 1985
Rimantadine RIM Flumadine Influenza virus A Targets matrix protein 2 to inhibit viral uncoating Sept. 1993
Zanamivir ZAN Relenza Influenza viruses A and B Targets viral neuraminidase to inhibit virus release from host cells July 1999
Oseltamivir OTV Tamiflu Influenza viruses A and B Targets viral neuraminidase to inhibit virus release from host cells Oct. 1999
Laninamivir octanoate LO Inavir (Japan) Influenza viruses A and B Targets viral neuraminidase to inhibit virus release from host cells Sept. 2010
Peramivir PRV Rapivab Influenza viruses A and B Targets viral neuraminidase to inhibit virus release from host cells Dec. 2014
Favipiravir FPV Avigan (Japan) Influenza viruses A, B, and C Favipiravir-ribofuranosyl-5′-triphosphate inhibits the activity of influenza RNA polymerase Mar. 2014
Interferons, immunostimulators, oligonucleotides, and antimitotic inhibitors Pegylated interferon alfa 2b PegIFNα-2b Intron-A, PegIntron HBV, HCV PegIFNα-2b is used to treat patients with HBV and/or HCV infection June 1986
Interferon alfacon 1a CIFN Infergen HCV genotype 1 Interferon alfacon 1 can be used with ribavirin to treat HCV infection Oct. 1997
Pegylated interferon alfa 2b + ribavirin PegIFNα-2b+RBV Rebetron HCV PegIFNα-2b is used with ribavirin to treat patients with HCV infection June 1998
Pegylated interferon alfa 2a PegIFN-α2a Pegasys, Roferon-A HBV, HCV Used with or without ribavirin to treat patients with HCV and/or HBV infection Oct. 2002
Fomivirsena FMV Vitravene HCMV Antisense RNA interrupts HCMV gene expression Aug. 1998
Podofilox PDX Condylox HPV-related diseases Antimitotic drug that interrupts cell division Dec. 1990
Imiquimod IQM Aldara HPV-related diseases Stimulates cytokines to clear external genital warts Feb. 1997
Sinecatechins SINE Veregen HPV-related diseases Botanical drug that acts as an immunomodulator to interfere with HSV-induced pathways Oct. 2006
a

Discontinued antiviral drug (amantadine, amprenavir, boceprevir, delavirdine, fomivirsen, RSV-IGIV, VZIG, telaprevir, vidarabine, zalcitabine, and interferon alfacon 1).

b

Different combination drugs. The combination of asunaprevir plus daclatasvir was approved to treat HCV genotype 1 infection in Japan, the combination of grazoprevir plus elbasvir was approved to treat HCV genotype 1 or 4 infection, the combination of paritaprevir plus ombitasvir plus dasabuvir plus ritonavir was approved to treat HCV genotype 1 infection, and the combination of paritaprevir plus ombitasvir plus ritonavir was approved to treat HCV genotype 4 infection.

c

Abbreviations commonly used in literature. The first four letters are used if drug abbreviations could not be found (e.g., sinecatechins are abbreviated SINE).

d

Antiviral drugs that have been approved in either Japan or Europe but not in the United States are indicated by “(Japan)” or “(Europe).”

e

Only the earliest time is listed if several approval dates for different clinical applications were found.

f

Table S1 in the supplemental material summarizes information on drug databases and chemical formulas. Information on dosage and administration of approved antiviral drugs is available online (see http://www.fda.gov/ and http://www.virusface.com/).