Figure 1.

Robotic rehabilitation system and experimental and training timeline. A–C, Illustrations of robotic rehabilitation system showing cantilevered haptic phantom robotic arm connected via a gimbal to pelvic orthosis implanted in a rat (A, B) and isotropic elastic force field (A, red circle) applied by robotic arm when connected to a rat while on treadmill during a training session (A, B). For more detail on robotic rehabilitation training system, see Udoekwere et al. (2006, 2014) and Oza and Giszter (2014). C, Timeline of the experiment.